{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:36:34Z","timestamp":1783701394216,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose the use of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to provide a continuous and global monitoring of Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI) in C-band. We take advantage of the first 8\u201310 echo measures at the beginning of each burst, a 50\u201370 MHz wide bandwidth and a ground beam coverage of ~25 km (azimuth) by 70 km (range). Such observations can be repeated with a frequency better than three days, by considering two satellites and both ascending and descending passes. These measures can be used to qualify the same Sentinel-1 (S1) dataset as well as to monitor the availability and the use of radio frequency spectrum for present and future spaceborne imagers and for policy makers. In the paper we investigate the feasibility and the limits of this approach, and we provide a first Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) map with continental coverage over Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1510920020000},"page":"1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Identification of C-Band Radio Frequency Interferences from Sentinel-1 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2142-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Monti-Guarnieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4227-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Giudici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARESYS srl, Via Flumendosa 16, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Recchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARESYS srl, Via Flumendosa 16, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulaby, F., and Lang, D.A. (2015). Committee on a Survey of the Active Sensing\u2014Uses of the Radio Spectrum Board on Physics and Astronomy. A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Radio Spectrum, The National Academy Press.","DOI":"10.1109\/USNC-URSI.2015.7303547"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2336988","article-title":"Localization of RFI sources for the SMOS mission: A means for assessing SMOS pointing performances","volume":"8","author":"Soldo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2017, September 16). RFI Monitoring. SMOS Blog at CESBIO. Web Resource. Available online: http:\/\/www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr\/SMOS_blog\/?page_id=4087."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Soldo, Y., de Matthaeis, P., le Vine, D., and Richaume, P. (2015, January 25\u201329). Comparison of L-band RFI from SMOS and Aquarius observations. 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Weather Radar Networking: COST 73 Project\/Final Report, Springer."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/11\/1183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:50:04Z","timestamp":1760208604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/11\/1183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9111183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9111183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]]}}}