{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:16:51Z","timestamp":1760242611088,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016168","name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371333","41771481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371333","41771481"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The common statistical methods for supervised classification usually require a large amount of training data to achieve reasonable results, which is time consuming and inefficient. In many methods, only the features of each point are used, regardless of their spatial distribution within a certain neighborhood. This paper proposes a tensor-based sparse representation classification (TSRC) method for airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) points. To keep features arranged in their spatial arrangement, each LiDAR point is represented as a 4th-order tensor. Then, TSRC is performed for point classification based on the 4th-order tensors. Firstly, a structured and discriminative dictionary set is learned by using only a few training samples. Subsequently, for classifying a new point, the sparse tensor is calculated based on the tensor OMP (Orthogonal Matching Pursuit) algorithm. The test tensor data is approximated by sub-dictionary set and its corresponding subset of sparse tensor for each class. The point label is determined by the minimal reconstruction residuals. Experiments are carried out on eight real LiDAR point clouds whose result shows that objects can be distinguished by TSRC successfully. The overall accuracy of all the datasets is beyond 80% by TSRC. TSRC also shows a good improvement on LiDAR points classification when compared with other common classifiers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1511780828000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tensor-Based Sparse Representation Classification for Urban Airborne LiDAR Points"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"College of Survey and Geoinformation, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Survey and Geoinformation, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.888107","article-title":"Tree detection in urban regions using aerial lidar and image data","volume":"4","author":"Secord","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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