{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:24:16Z","timestamp":1775694256886,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual-polarized airborne passive microwave (PM) brightness temperatures (Tb) at 6.9 GHz H\/V, 19 GHz H\/V and 37 GHz H\/V and spaceborne active microwave (AM) X-band (9.65 GHz VV, VH) backscatter (\u03c30) are observed coincident to in situ snow and lake-ice measurements collected over two lakes near Inuvik, Canada. Lake-ice thickness is found to be positively correlated with 19 GHz V emission (R = 0.67) and negatively with 19 GHz H emission (R = \u22120.79), indicating surface ice conditions influence microwave interaction. Lake ice types are delineated from TerraSAR-X synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images using the iterative region growing with semantics (IRGS) segmentation algorithm implemented in the MAGIC (MAp Guided Ice Classification) system. The spatial extent of derived ice type classes correspond well to in situ observations. The overall magnitude of emission at 19 GHz H and X-band VH \u03c30 increase with the scattering potential of associated ice types (grey\/rafted ice). Transects of 6.9 GHz PM and 19 GHz PM exhibit positive relationships with VH \u03c30 over freshwater lake ice, with the greatest R coefficients at H-pol (R = 0.64, 0.46). Conversely, 6.9 GHz Tb and 19 GHz Tb exhibit negative R coefficients in regions of brackish water due to tubular bubble and brine inclusions in the ice. This study identifies congruency between PM and AM scattering mechanisms over lake ice for the purpose of identifying the influence of ice types on overall microwave interaction within the lake-ice system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T12:30:16Z","timestamp":1512131416000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Investigating the Influence of Variable Freshwater Ice Types on Passive and Active Microwave Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4886-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"Gunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1044-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Duguay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, and the Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Derksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6383-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Clausi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering and Vision and Image Processing (VIP) Research Group, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0591-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Toose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brown, R., Walker, A.E., and Goodison, B. 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