{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:30:26Z","timestamp":1791048626481,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0600101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter for a wide number of applications, including hydrology, meteorology and surface energy balance. In this study, we first proposed a new land surface emissivity (LSE) scheme, including a lookup table-based method to determine the vegetated surface emissivity and an empirical method to derive the bare soil emissivity from the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) broadband emissivity (BBE) product. Then, the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis data and the Feng Yun-3C\/Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (FY-3C\/MERSI) precipitable water vapor product were used to correct the atmospheric effects. After resolving the land surface emissivity and atmospheric effects, the LST was derived in a straightforward manner from the FY-3C\/MERSI data by the radiative transfer equation algorithm and the generalized single-channel algorithm. The mean difference between the derived LSE and field-measured LSE over seven stations is approximately 0.002. Validation of the LST retrieved with the LSE determined by the new scheme can achieve an acceptable accuracy. The absolute biases are less than 1 K and the STDs (RMSEs) are less than 1.95 K (2.2 K) for both the 1000 m and 250 m spatial resolutions. The LST accuracy is superior to that retrieved with the LSE determined by the commonly used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) threshold method. Thus, the new emissivity scheme can be used to improve the accuracy of the LSE and further the LST for sensors with broad spectral ranges such as FY-3C\/MERSI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T12:30:16Z","timestamp":1512131416000},"page":"1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Estimating Land Surface Temperature from Feng Yun-3C\/MERSI Data Using a New Land Surface Emissivity Scheme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0123-5405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangchen","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2708-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunlin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1109\/36.508406","article-title":"A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from space","volume":"34","author":"Wan","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaughan, R.A. (1987). Surface Energy Budget, Surface Temperature and Thermal Inertia. Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3881-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(96)00039-9","article-title":"Mapping land surface emissivity from NDVI: Application to european, African, and South American areas","volume":"57","author":"Valor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2029852","article-title":"A stepwise refining algorithm of temperature and emissivity separation for hyperspectral thermal infrared data","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.716540","article-title":"Land surface emissivity retrieval from satellite data","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010006971","article-title":"A mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from landsat tm data and its application to the Israel-Egypt border region","volume":"22","author":"Qin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mu\u00f1oz, J.C. (2003). A generalized single-channel method for retrieving land surface temperature from remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003480"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2006182","article-title":"Validation of a new parametric model for atmospheric correction of thermal infrared data","volume":"47","author":"Ellicott","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169008955028","article-title":"Towards a local split window method over land surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Becker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.909097","article-title":"Evaluation of split-window land surface temperature algorithms for generating climate data records","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2006180","article-title":"Developing algorithm for operational GOES-R land surface temperature product","volume":"47","author":"Yunyue","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700995","article-title":"A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) images","volume":"36","author":"Gillespie","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-3613-2013","article-title":"Kalman filter physical retrieval of surface emissivity and temperature from geostationary infrared radiances","volume":"6","author":"Masiello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.008","article-title":"Temperature and emissivity separation from ASTER data for low spectral contrast surfaces","volume":"110","author":"Coll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.08.010","article-title":"Accuracy of ASTER level-2 thermal-infrared standard products of an agricultural area in Spain","volume":"106","author":"Sobrino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.027","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the collection-6 modis land-surface temperature\/emissivity product","volume":"140","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12215","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912215","article-title":"Quality assessment of S-NPP VIIRS land surface temperature product","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, D., and Pinker, R.T. (2003). Estimation of land surface temperature from a geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES-8). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002422"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, J., Powell, A., and Sivakumar, M. (2013). Land Surface Temperature (LST) Retrieval from Goes Satellite Observations. Satellite-based Applications on Climate Change, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5872-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-2981-2015","article-title":"Kalman filter physical retrieval of surface emissivity and temperature from seviri infrared channels: A validation and intercomparison study","volume":"8","author":"Masiello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.005","article-title":"Estimation of land surface temperature-vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies","volume":"89","author":"Weng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.008","article-title":"Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect across biomes in the continental USA","volume":"114","author":"Imhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2012.09.002","article-title":"An overview of volcano infrasound: From hawaiian to plinian, local to global","volume":"249","author":"Fee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Diker, C., and Ulusoy, I. (May, January 27). Monitoring Thermal Activity of Eastern Anatolian Volcanoes Using Modis Images. Proceedings of the European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ulusoy, \u0130. (May, January 27). Temporal monitoring of radiative heat flux from the craters of tend\u00fcrek volcano (East Anatolia, Turkey) using ASTER satellite imagery. Proceedings of the European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2004.826550","article-title":"Using MODIS land surface temperature to evaluate forest fire risk of Northeast China","volume":"1","author":"Guangmeng","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4991","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160902852796","article-title":"Assessment of seasonal forest fire risk using NOAA-AVHRR: A case study in central mexico","volume":"30","author":"ManzoDelgado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, X., Li, H., Du, Y., Liu, Q., Zhu, J., and Sun, L. (2016, January 10\u201315). Retrieving land surface temperature from landsat 8 TIRS data using RTTOV and ASTER GED. Proceedings of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730121"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9829","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109829","article-title":"Land surface temperature retrieval from landsat 8 TIRS\u2014Comparison between radiative transfer equation-based method, split window algorithm and single channel method","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"11","article-title":"An intercomparison of landsat land surface temperature retrieval methods under variable atmospheric conditions using in situ skin temperature","volume":"51","author":"Windahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2007125","article-title":"Revision of the single-channel algorithm for land surface temperature retrieval from landsat thermal-infrared data","volume":"47","author":"Cristobal","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-010-0123-z","article-title":"Improvement of mono-window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from HJ-1B satellite data","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00171-1","article-title":"A comparative study of land surface emissivity retrieval from NOAA data","volume":"75","author":"Sobrino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214497","article-title":"Classification-based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space","volume":"19","author":"Snyder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.014","article-title":"Thermal-based techniques for land cover change detection using a new dynamic MODIS multispectral emissivity product (MOD21)","volume":"140","author":"Hulley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.014","article-title":"Evaluation of the VIIRS and MODIS lst products in an arid area of Northwest China","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.805262","article-title":"A long-term global land surface satellite (GLASS) data-set for environmental studies","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.783129","article-title":"Estimating global land surface broadband thermal-infrared emissivity from the advanced very high resolution radiometer optical data","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020689","article-title":"Estimating the broadband longwave emissivity of global bare soil from the MODIS shortwave albedo product","volume":"119","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2237780","article-title":"Use of general regression neural networks for generating the glass leaf area index product from time-series MODIS surface reflectance","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13140","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020260","article-title":"Intercomparison of surface energy flux measurement systems used during the HIWATER-MUSOEXE","volume":"118","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00154.1","article-title":"Heihe watershed allied telemetry experimental research (HIWATER): Scientific objectives and experimental design","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Wang Heshun, L.H., Cao, B., Du, Y., Xiao, Q., and Liu, Q. (2012). HIWATER: Dataset of Thermal Infrared Spectrum Observed by BOMEM MR304 in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-1291-2011","article-title":"A comparison of eddy-covariance and large aperture scintillometer measurements with respect to the energy balance closure problem","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Tan Junlei, M.M. (2012). HIWATER: Dataset of Infrared Temperature in Zhanye Airport Desert, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1109\/36.957278","article-title":"Sensitivity of iterative spectrally smooth temperature\/emissivity separation to algorithmic assumptions and measurement noise","volume":"39","author":"Ingram","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6010111","article-title":"A comparative study of three land surface broadband emissivity datasets from satellite data","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.885869","article-title":"Feasibility of retrieving land-surface temperature from ASTER TIR bands using two-channel algorithms: A case study of agricultural areas","volume":"4","author":"Sobrino","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2469535","article-title":"Estimating the hemispherical broadband longwave emissivity of global vegetated surfaces using a radiative transfer model","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Barsi, J.A., Butler, J.J., Schott, J.R., Palluconi, F.D., and Hook, S.J. (August, January 31). Validation of a web-based atmospheric correction tool for single thermal band instruments. Proceedings of the Optics and Photonics, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2255118","article-title":"Evaluation of the NCEP and MODIS atmospheric products for single channel land surface temperature retrieval with ground measurements: A case study of HJ-1B IRS data","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11244","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61111244","article-title":"Development of an operational calibration methodology for the landsat thermal data archive and initial testing of the atmospheric compensation component of a land surface temperature (LST) product from the archive","volume":"6","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Rivalland, V., Tardy, B., Huc, M., Hagolle, O., Marcq, S., and Boulet, G. (2016, January 17\u201322). A useful tool for atmospheric correction and surface temperature estimation of landsat infrared thermal data. Proceedings of the European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.181","article-title":"An improved general fast radiative transfer model for the assimilation of radiance observations","volume":"130","author":"Matricardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.857886","article-title":"Accurate atmospheric correction of ASTER thermal infrared imagery using the WVS method","volume":"43","author":"Tonooka","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2255859","article-title":"Development of split-window algorithm for land surface temperature estimation from the VIRR\/FY-3A measurements","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Borbas, E.E., Seemann, S.W., Huang, H.L., Li, J., and Menzel, P.W. (2005, January 25\u201331). Global profile training database for satellite regression retrievals with estimates of skin temperature and emissivity. Proceedings of the International TOVS Study Conference, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916084","article-title":"An atmospheric radiosounding database for generating land surface temperature algorithms","volume":"46","author":"Galve","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Ren, B., and Cheng, J. (2015). Land Surface Temperature Retrieval Algorithm of Single Channel for FY-3A\/MERSI, Beijing Normal University."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.822573","article-title":"Field validation of glass land surface broadband emissivity database using pseudo-invariant sand dunes sites in Northern China","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-013-0283-2","article-title":"Field measurements of plant emissivity spectra: An experimental study on remote sensing of vegetation in the thermal infrared region","volume":"41","author":"Pandya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.03.014","article-title":"Determination of sea surface temperature at large observation angles using an angular and emissivity-dependent split-window equation","volume":"111","author":"Caselles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Yu Wenping, M.M., Ren, Z., Tan, J., Li, Y., and Wang, H. (2013). HIWATER: Dataset of Emissivity in the Heihe River Basin, Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Center at Lanzhou."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulley, G.C., Hughes, C.G., and Hook, S.J. (2012). Quantifying uncertainties in land surface temperature and emissivity retrievals from ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018506"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.004","article-title":"Land surface temperature product validation using NOAA\u2019S surface climate observation networks\u2014Scaling methodology for the visible infrared imager radiometer suite (VIIRS)","volume":"124","author":"Guillevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.04.012","article-title":"Improved land surface emissivities over agricultural areas using ASTER NDVI","volume":"103","author":"Sobrino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.01.027","article-title":"Long-term accuracy assessment of land surface temperatures derived from the advanced along-track scanning radiometer","volume":"116","author":"Coll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Liang, S., Dong, L., Ren, B., and Shi, L. (2014). Validation of the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) land surface emissivity products over the taklimakan desert. J. Appl. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.083675"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/12\/1247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:52:17Z","timestamp":1760208737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/12\/1247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9121247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9121247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]}}}