{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:53:45Z","timestamp":1770724425449,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sensitivity of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) high-frequency channels to snowfall at higher latitudes (around 60\u00b0N\/S) is investigated using coincident CloudSat observations. The 166 GHz channel is highlighted throughout the study due to its ice scattering sensitivity and polarization information. The analysis of three case studies evidences the important combined role of total precipitable water (TPW), supercooled cloud water, and background surface composition on the brightness temperature (TB) behavior for different snow-producing clouds. A regression tree statistical analysis applied to the entire GMI-CloudSat snowfall dataset indicates which variables influence the 166 GHz polarization difference (166 \u2206TB) and its relation to snowfall. Critical thresholds of various parameters (sea ice concentration (SIC), TPW, ice water path (IWP)) are established for optimal snowfall detection capabilities. The 166 \u2206TB can identify snowfall events over land and sea when critical thresholds are exceeded (TPW &gt; 3.6 kg\u00b7m\u22122, IWP &gt; 0.24 kg\u00b7m\u22122 over land, and SIC &gt; 57%, TPW &gt; 5.1 kg\u00b7m\u22122 over sea). The complex combined 166 \u2206TB-TB relationship at higher latitudes and the impact of supercooled water vertical distribution are also investigated. The findings presented in this study can be exploited to improve passive microwave snowfall detection algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T11:29:36Z","timestamp":1512559776000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["CloudSat-Based Assessment of GPM Microwave Imager Snowfall Observation Capabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Panegrossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)\u2014National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Rysman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)\u2014National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Casella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERCO S.p.A., 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)\u2014National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"San\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC)\u2014National Research Council (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Kulie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological &amp; Mining Engineering &amp; Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skofronick-Jackson, G., and Johnson, B.T. 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