{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T03:47:44Z","timestamp":1769312864852,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish-Norwegian Research Programme of the Polish National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR), project: Ecosystem stress from the combined effects of winter climate change and air pollution \u2013 how do the impacts differ between biomes? (WICLAP)","award":["POL-NOR\/198571\/83\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POL-NOR\/198571\/83\/2013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyzszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["501-D119-64-0180200-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501-D119-64-0180200-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU Cost Action Optimise","award":["ES1309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES1309"]}]},{"name":"Svalbard environmental protection fund","award":["Project: 17\/37 Vegetation damage caused by extreme winters"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project: 17\/37 Vegetation damage caused by extreme winters"]}]},{"name":"ArcticBiomass network","award":["ArcticBiomass Grant No. RCN 227064 and SvalbardBiomass Grant No. RCN 270992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ArcticBiomass Grant No. RCN 227064 and SvalbardBiomass Grant No. RCN 270992"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing is a suitable candidate for monitoring rapid changes in Polar regions, offering high-resolution spectral, spatial and radiometric data. This paper focuses on the spectral properties of dominant plant species acquired during the first week of August 2015. Twenty-eight plots were selected, which could easily be identified in the field as well as on RapidEye satellite imagery. Spectral measurements of individual species were acquired, and heavy metal contamination stress factors were measured contemporaneously. As a result, a unique spectral library of dominant plant species, heavy metal concentrations and damage ratios were achieved with an indication that species-specific changes due to environmental conditions can best be differentiated in the 1401\u20132400 nm spectral region. Two key arctic tundra species, Cassiope tetragona and Dryas octopetala, exhibited significant differences in this spectral region that were linked to a changing health status. Relationships between field and satellite measurements were comparable, e.g., the Red Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RENDVI) showed a strong and significant relationship (R2 = 0.82; p = 0.036) for the species Dryas octopetala. Cadmium and Lead were below detection levels while manganese, copper and zinc acquired near Longyearbyen were at concentrations comparable to other places in Svalbard. There were high levels of nickel near Longyearbyen (0.014 mg\/g), while it was low (0.004 mg\/g) elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T12:26:37Z","timestamp":1512995197000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Intraspecific Differences in Spectral Reflectance Curves as Indicators of Reduced Vitality in High-Arctic Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7882-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Zagajewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, University of Warsaw (UW), ul. Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"T\u00f8mmervik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM\u2014High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"Jarle","family":"Bjerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM\u2014High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4843-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Raczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, University of Warsaw (UW), ul. Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Bochenek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (IGiK), ul. Jacka Kaczmarskiego 27, 02-679 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"K\u0142os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (IDBMB), Opole University, ul. Kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-4656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Jaroci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, University of Warsaw (UW), ul. Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie 30, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5181-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Lavender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pixalytics Ltd., 1 Davy Road, Plymouth Science Park, Derriford, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BX, UK"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (IGiK), ul. Jacka Kaczmarskiego 27, 02-679 Warsaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018268","article-title":"Greening of arctic Alaska, 1981\u20132001","volume":"30","author":"Jia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045501","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/4\/045501","article-title":"Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: Ecological variability and regional differences","volume":"6","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1836","article-title":"Temperature and Vegetation Seasonality Diminishment over Northern Lands","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02412.x","article-title":"The impacts and implications of an intensifying fire regime on Alaskan boreal forest composition and albedo","volume":"17","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.10.008","article-title":"Global satellite monitoring of climate-induced vegetation disturbances","volume":"20","author":"McDowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.050","article-title":"Understanding the drivers of extensive plant damage in boreal and Arctic ecosystems: Insights from field surveys in the aftermath of damage","volume":"599\u2013600","author":"Bjerke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2009.01554.x","article-title":"Winter warming events damage sub-Arctic vegetation: Consistent evidence from an experimental manipulation and a natural event","volume":"97","author":"Bokhorst","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/8\/084006","article-title":"Record-low primary productivity and high plant damage in the Nordic Arctic Region in 2012 caused by multiple weather events and pest outbreaks","volume":"9","author":"Bjerke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2011). Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/02757250009532382","article-title":"Vegetation damage studies in the Jarfjordfjell area, Northern Norway, by use of airborne CASI spatial mode data","volume":"18","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00014-2","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation changes in Pasvik (Norway) and Pechenga in Kola Peninsula (Russia) using multi-temporal Landsat MSS\/TM data","volume":"85","author":"Solheim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-008-9730-z","article-title":"Environmental impact on an Arctic Soil\u2013Plant System resulting from metals released from coal mine waste in Svalbard (78\u00b0N)","volume":"195","author":"Askaer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00067-X","article-title":"Hyperspectral vegetation indices and their relationships with agricultural crop characteristics","volume":"71","author":"Thenkabail","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"10","article-title":"Variability in spectral characteristics of trampled high-mountain grasslands","volume":"18","author":"Kycko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Misc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"21","article-title":"The application of APEX images in the assessment of the state of non-forest vegetation in the Karkonosze Mountains","volume":"20","author":"Kacprzyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Misc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00093-0","article-title":"Measurement and Modeling of the Spectral and Directional Reflection Properties of Lichen and Moss Canopies","volume":"72","author":"Solheim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.12.009","article-title":"Reflectance spectra of subarctic lichens between 400 and 2400 nm","volume":"90","author":"Rees","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00139-3","article-title":"Differences in arctic tundra vegetation type and phenology as seen using bidirectional radiometry in the early growing season","volume":"60","author":"Vierling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083971","article-title":"Ground-Based Hyperspectral Characterization of Alaska tundra vegetation along environmental gradients","volume":"5","author":"Buchhorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.04.004","article-title":"Spectral discrimination of papyrus vegetation (Cyperus papyrus L.) in swamp wetlands using field spectrometry","volume":"64","author":"Adam","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-41.4.426","article-title":"Determination of leaf area index, total foliar N, and normalized difference vegetation index for Arctic ecosystems dominated by Cassiope tetragona","volume":"4","author":"Campioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"113","article-title":"Assessment of neural networks and Imaging Spectroscopy for vegetation classification of the High Tatras","volume":"43","author":"Zagajewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Teledetekcja \u015arodowiska"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"15","article-title":"Laboratory and image spectroscopy for evaluating the biophysical state of meadow vegetation in the Krkono\u0161e National Park","volume":"18","author":"Zagajewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Misc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"23","article-title":"Mapping vegetation communities of the Karkonosze National Park using APEX hyperspectral data and Support Vector Machines","volume":"18","author":"Marcinkowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Misc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02365.x","article-title":"The Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map","volume":"16","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015506","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/1\/015506","article-title":"Dynamics of aboveground phytomass of the circumpolar Arctic tundra during the past three decades","volume":"7","author":"Epstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S0032247411000647","article-title":"Vegetation mapping of Svalbard utilising Landsat TM\/ETM+ data","volume":"48","author":"Johansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polar Rec."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"20","article-title":"The relationship between phytomass, NDVI and vegetation communities on Svalbard","volume":"27","author":"Johansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"47","article-title":"Use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in a multiscale vegetation index study of Arctic plant communities in Adventdalen on Svalbard","volume":"13","author":"Karlsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"EARSeL eProceed."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2016, December 30). Store Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani AS. Available online: https:\/\/snl.no\/Store_Norske_Spitsbergen_Kulkompani_AS."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"201","article-title":"The use of mosses in biomonitoring of selected areas in Poland and Spitsbergen in the years from 1975 to 2014","volume":"S22","author":"Bochenek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Chem. Engine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0533.1","article-title":"High-arctic plants like it hot: A long-term investigation of between-year variability in plant biomass","volume":"95","author":"Stien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/11\/114021","article-title":"Warmer and wetter winters: Characteristics and implications of an extreme weather event in the High Arctic","volume":"9","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Aarrestad, P.A., Bakkestuen, V., Hassel, K., Stabbetorp, O.E., and Wilmann, B. (2010). Establishment of Monitoring Sitres for Ground Vegetation in Endalen, Svalbard 2009, Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning. NINA Report 579."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hult\u00e9n, E., and Fries, M. (1986). Atlas of North European Vascular Plants: North of the Tropic of Cancer, Koeltz Scientific Books."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"34","article-title":"Assessment of Imaging Spectroscopy for rock identification in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland","volume":"20","author":"Mierczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Misc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01214643","article-title":"Application of chlorophyll fluorescence in ecophysiology","volume":"25","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.009","article-title":"Hyperspectral discrimination of tropical rain forest tree species at leaf to crown scales","volume":"96","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"32","article-title":"A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"223","article-title":"The Origin of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides Accumulated in the Soil and Biota Samples Collected in Svalbard, Near Longyearbyen","volume":"24","author":"Ziembik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Chem. Eng. S"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2017.1274573","article-title":"Classification of Tundra Vegetation in the Krkono\u0161e Mts. National Park Using APEX, AISA Dual and Sentinel-2A Data","volume":"50","author":"Zagajewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00050.1","article-title":"Assessment of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Analyzing the Impact of Human Trampling on Alpine Swards","volume":"37","author":"Kycko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1274447","article-title":"Subalpine and alpine vegetation classification based on hyperspectral APEX and simulated EnMAP images","volume":"38","author":"Zagajewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (1973, January 10\u201314). Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. Proceedings of the 3rd Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) Symposium, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13007","article-title":"Climatic and biotic extreme events moderate long-term responses of above- and belowground sub-Arctic heathland communities to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Bokhorst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.031","article-title":"Making better use of accuracy data in land change studies: Estimating accuracy and area and quantifying uncertainty using stratified estimation","volume":"129","author":"Olofsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90046-1","article-title":"Detection of changes in leaf water content using Near- and Middle-Infrared reflectances","volume":"30","author":"Hunt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1968.00021962006000060016x","article-title":"Measuring the color of growing turf with a reflectance spectrophotometer","volume":"60","author":"Birth","year":"1968","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the Radiometric and Biophysical Performance of the MODIS Vegetation Indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(11)81633-0","article-title":"Spectral Reflectance Changes Associated with Autumn Senescence of Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Acer platanoides L. Leaves. Spectral Features and Relation to Chlorophyll Estimation","volume":"143","author":"Gitelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00010-X","article-title":"Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages","volume":"81","author":"Sims","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, H.B., Nilsen, L., T\u00f8mmervik, H., Karlsen, S.R., Nagai, S., and Cooper, E.J. (2016). Using Ordinary Digital Cameras in Place of Near-Infrared Sensors to Derive Vegetation Indices for Phenology Studies of High Arctic Vegetation. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100847"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(99)80314-9","article-title":"A New Reflectance Index for Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll Content in Higher Plants: Tests Using Eucalyptus Leaves","volume":"154","author":"Datt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/15.3.203","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between reflectance red edge and chlorophyll concentration in slash pine leaves","volume":"15","author":"Curran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tree Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Guyot, G., and Baret, F. (1988). Utilisation de la haute resolution spectrale pour suivre l\u2019etat des couverts vegetaux. ESA Special Publication, Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing, Paris, France, 18\u201322 January 1988, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.131.3.313","article-title":"Leaf Area Index, Water Index, and Red: Far Red Ratio Calculated by Spectral Reflectance and its Relation to Plant Architecture and Cut Rose Production","volume":"131","author":"Mascarini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.09.002","article-title":"Scaling effects on spring phenology detections from MODIS data at multiple spatial resolutions over the contiguous United States","volume":"132","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.1999.106119.x","article-title":"Non-destructive Optical Detection of Pigment Changes during Leaf Senescence and Fruit Ripening","volume":"106","author":"Merzlyak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2002)075<0272:ACCIPL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Assessing Carotenoid Content in Plant Leaves with Reflectance Spectroscopy","volume":"75","author":"Gitelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"38","article-title":"Optical Properties and Nondestructive Estimation of Anthocyanin Content in Plant Leaves","volume":"71","author":"Gitelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"R Core Team (2015). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baier, D., Decker, R., and Schmidt-Thieme, L. (2005). klaR Analyzing German Business Cycles. Data Analysis and Decision Support, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28397-8"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables, W.N., and Ripley, B.D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S, Springer. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2017, December 11). Community Ecology Package, Version 2.4-5. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/vegan\/vegan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903349040","article-title":"Employing Ground-Based Spectroscopy for Tree-Species Differentiation in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Kycko, M. (2017). Assessment of the Dominant Alpine Sward Species Condition of the Tatra National Park Using Hyperespectral Remote Sensing. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.019","article-title":"Examination of Sentinel-2A multi-spectral instrument (MSI) reflectance anisotropy and the suitability of a general method to normalize MSI reflectance to nadir BRDF adjusted reflectance","volume":"199","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Green, R.O. (1990, January 4\u20135). Are the spectral shifts an operational concept? Critical analysis of theoretical and experimental results. Proceedings of the Second Airborne Visible\/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Workshop, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Buchroithner, M.F. (2001). Assessment of a possibility of the lead detection in grasses using spectrometer SPZ-5. A Decade of Trans-European Remote Sensing Cooperation, Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium of the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL), Dresden, Germany, 14\u201316 June 2000, A.A. Balkema Publishers."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/12\/1289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:29Z","timestamp":1760208809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/12\/1289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9121289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9121289","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]}}}