{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:37:33Z","timestamp":1770964653684,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We used satellite interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR) data to document ground deformation across North America suspected to be caused by human activities. We showed that anthropogenic deformation can be measured from space across the continent and thus satellite observations should be collected routinely to characterize this deformation. We included results from the literature as well as new analysis of more than 5000 interferograms from the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite, Envisat, the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS), and other satellites, collectively spanning the period 1992\u20132015. This compilation, while not complete in terms of spatial or temporal coverage nor uniform in quality over the region, contains 263 different areas of likely anthropogenic ground deformation, including 65 that were previously unreported. The sources can be attributed to groundwater extraction (50%), geothermal sites (6%), hydrocarbon production (20%), mining (21%), and other sources (3%) such as lake level changes driven by human activities and tunneling. In a few areas, the source of deformation is ambiguous. We found at least 80 global positioning system (GPS) stations within 20 km of of these areas that could be contaminated by the anthropogenic deformation. At sites where we performed a full time series analysis, we found a mix of steady and time-variable deformation rates. For example, at the East Mesa Geothermal Field in California, we found an area that changed from subsidence to uplift around 2006, even though publicly available records of pumping and injection showed no change during that time. We illustrate selected non-detections from wastewater injection in Oklahoma and eastern Texas, where we found that the detection threshold with available data is &gt;0.5 cm\/yr. This places into doubt previous results claiming detection below this threshold in eastern Texas. However, we found likely injection-induced uplift in a different area of eastern Texas at rates in excess of \u22122 cm\/yr. We encourage others to expand the database in space and time in the supplemental material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T13:35:00Z","timestamp":1513085700000},"page":"1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Incomplete Inventory of Suspected Human-Induced Surface Deformation in North America Detected by Satellite Interferometric Synthetic-Aperture Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alana G.","family":"Semple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3616-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-3165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rowena B.","family":"Lohman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.09.007","article-title":"Ground deformation due to tectonic, hydrothermal, gravity, hydrogeological, and anthropic processes in the Campania Region (Southern Italy) from Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry","volume":"113","author":"Vilardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2422-z","article-title":"Radar interferometry techniques for the study of ground subsidence phenomena: A review of practical issues through cases in Spain","volume":"71","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(1991). Mitigating Losses from Land Subsidence in the United States, The National Academies Press. Consensus Study Report."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galloway, D., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E.E. (1999). Land Subsidence in the United States.","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1182"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JB002934","article-title":"Interseismic strain accumulation and anthropogenic motion in metropolitan Los Angeles","volume":"110","author":"Argus","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029427","article-title":"Mining-related ground deformation in Crescent Valley, Nevada: Implications for sparse GPS networks","volume":"34","author":"Gourmelen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1610","article-title":"The 2011 Lorca earthquake slip distribution controlled by groundwater crustal unloading","volume":"5","author":"Tiampo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50312","article-title":"Fault slip rates and interseismic deformation in the western Transverse Ranges, California","volume":"118","author":"Marshall","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8767","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061959","article-title":"Did stresses from the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field influence the El Mayor-Cucapah rupture sequence?","volume":"41","author":"Trugman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21781","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900169","article-title":"Deformation and seismicity in the Coso geothermal area, Inyo County, California: Observations and modeling using satellite radar interferometry","volume":"105","author":"Fialko","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, J.W., Amelung, F., Ferretti, A., Bianchi, M., and Novali, F. (2008). Permanent scatterer InSAR reveals seasonal and long-term aquifer-system response to groundwater pumping and artificial recharge. Water Resour. Res., 44.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006152"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/441587a","article-title":"Space geodesy: Subsidence and flooding in New Orleans","volume":"441","author":"Dixon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068015","article-title":"Subsidence along the Atlantic Coast of North America: Insights from GPS and late Holocene relative sea level data","volume":"43","author":"Karegar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00817","article-title":"Land subsidence caused by the East Mesa geothermal field, California, observed using SAR interferometry","volume":"24","author":"Massonnet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1999)027<0483:STUADO>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation","volume":"27","author":"Amelung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/35090558","article-title":"Tectonic contraction across Los Angeles after removal of groundwater pumping effects","volume":"412","author":"Bawden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5822","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012017","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characterization of land subsidence and uplift in Phoenix using InSAR time series and wavelet transforms","volume":"120","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ali, S.T., Akerley, J., Baluyut, E.C., Davatzes, N.C., Lopeman, J., Moore, J., Plummer, M., Spielman, P., Warren, I., and Feigl, K.L. (2016, January 22\u201324). Geodetic Measurements and Numerical Models of Deformation: Examples from Geothermal Fields in the Western United States. Proceedings of the 41st Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB07p09183","article-title":"Mapping small elevation changes over large areas\u2014Differential radar interferometry","volume":"94","author":"Gabriel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043210","article-title":"Forest Canopy Heights in the Pacific Northwest Based on InSAR Phase Discontinuities across Short Spatial Scales","volume":"6","author":"Prush","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calais, E., Han, J., DeMets, C., and Nocquet, J. (2006). Deformation of the North American plate interior from a decade of continuous GPS measurements. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB004253"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sella, G.F., Stein, S., Dixon, T.H., Craymer, M., James, T.S., Mazzotti, S., and Dokka, R.K. (2007). Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in \u201cstable\u201d North America with GPS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027081"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011176","article-title":"Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model","volume":"120","author":"Peltier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.28.1.169","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure Earth\u2019s surface topography and its deformation","volume":"28","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO050004","article-title":"Updated Repeat Orbit Interferometry Package Released","volume":"85","author":"Rosen","year":"2004","journal-title":"EOS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2004","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183","article-title":"The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission","volume":"45","author":"Farr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"5","article-title":"The national elevation dataset","volume":"68","author":"Gesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Valentino, B.R. (2016). Application of InSAR to Salt Mine Subsidence. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Cornell University]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new Algorithm for Surface Deformation Monitoring based on Small Baseline Differential SAR Interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1002\/ggge.20074","article-title":"Decadal volcanic deformation in the Central Andes Volcanic Zone revealed by InSAR time series","volume":"14","author":"Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckley, S.M., Rosen, P.A., Hensley, S., and Tapley, B.D. (2003). Land subsidence in Houston, Texas, measured by radar interferometry and constrained by extensometers. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth (1978\u20132012), 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB001848"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, D.A., and B\u00fcrgmann, R. (2003). Time-dependent land uplift and subsidence in the Santa Clara valley, California, from a large interferometric synthetic aperture radar data set. J. Geophys. Res., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB002267"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Meyer, F., Hsiao, V., Oommen, T., and Moruza, T. (2016, January 12). Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar for Network-Wide Transportation Infrastructure Monitoring. Presented at the TRB Webinar, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hoppe, E., Bohane, A., Falorni, G., Bruckno, B., Vaccari, A., Meyer, F., and Pritchard, M. (2016, January 18\u201321). InSAR remote sensing for performance monitoring of transportation infrastructure at the network level. Proceedings of the Transport Research Arena TRA2016, Warsaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.A. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1002\/ggge.20258","article-title":"Characterizing and estimating noise in InSAR and InSAR time series with MODIS","volume":"14","author":"Barnhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Greene, F. (2014). Surface Deformation Measured with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: Case Studies of Basin and Range and Garlock-San Andreas Fault. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Miami]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL00711","article-title":"Discrimination of geophysical phenomena in satellite radar interferograms","volume":"22","author":"Massonnet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2002.01661.x","article-title":"Co-seismic slip from the 1995 July 30 Mw = 8.1 Antofagasta, Chile, earthquake as constrained by InSAR and GPS observations","volume":"150","author":"Pritchard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/36.175330","article-title":"Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes","volume":"30","author":"Zebker","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinverni, E., Sandwell, D., Tassetti, A., and Cappelletti, L. (2013, January 17). Decorrelation of L-Band and C-Band Interferometry to volcanic risk prevention. Proceedings of the SPIE Remote Sensing, International Society for Optics and Photonics, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2029081"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF856.1","article-title":"A climatology of snow-to-liquid ratio for the contiguous United States","volume":"20","author":"Baxter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2348412","article-title":"Time-Varying Elevation Change at the Centralia Coal Mine in Centralia, Washington (USA), Constrained with InSAR, ASTER, and Optical Imagery","volume":"8","author":"Prush","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03822.x","article-title":"Constraints on surface deformation in the Seattle, WA urban corridor from satellite radar interferometry time series analysis,","volume":"174","author":"Finnegan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013318","article-title":"Evidence for on-going inflation of the Socorro magma body, New Mexico, from interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging","volume":"28","author":"Fialko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Q110044","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GC003775","article-title":"A survey of volcanic deformation on Java using ALOS PALSAR interferometric time series","volume":"12","author":"Philibosian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50195","article-title":"On the lack of InSAR observations of magmatic deformation at Central American volcanoes","volume":"118","author":"Ebmeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15309-5","article-title":"Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Survey of Subsidence in Hampton Roads, Virginia (USA)","volume":"7","author":"Bekaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"EIA (2017, June 02). U.S. Energy Information Agency, Active Coal Mines, Surface and Underground, Available online: https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/maps\/layer_info-m.php."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003749444","article-title":"The spatial and temporal subsidence variability of the East Mesa Geothermal Field, California, USA, and its potential impact on the All American Canal System","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Lofgren, B.E. (1974, January 23\u201325). Measuring ground movement in geothermal areas of Imperial Valley, California. Proceedings of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory-National Science Foundation Geothermal Energy Conference, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(79)90050-6","article-title":"Measured crustal deformation in Imperial Valley, California","volume":"8","author":"Lofgren","year":"1979","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Surface deformation in Imperial Valley, CA, from satellite radar interferometry","volume":"36","author":"Eneva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Eneva, M., Adams, D., Falorni, G., and Morgan, J. (2013, January 11\u201313). Applications of radar interferometry to detect surface deformation in geothermal areas of Imperial Valley in southern California. Proceedings of the 38th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lofgren, B.E. (1975). Land Subsidence and Tectonism, Raft River Valley, Idaho.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr75585"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"ADWR (2015, April 08). Arizona Department of Water Resources, Land Subsidence in Arizona, Available online: http:\/\/www.azwater.gov\/AzDWR\/Hydrology\/Geophysics\/LandSubsidenceInArizona.htm."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"CAP Project (2017, January 10). Tonopah Desert Recharge Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.cap-az.com\/index.php\/departments\/recharge-program\/tonopah-desert."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2017, January 10). Pinedale Anticline Project Office, Pinedale, Wyoming, Available online: http:\/\/www.wy.blm.gov\/jio-papo\/papo\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Encana, USA Division (2016, December 11). Annual Information Form. Available online: https:\/\/www.encana.com\/pdf\/investors\/financial\/annual-reports\/2008\/p006996.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (2011, May 26). DC Clean Rivers Project\u2014Division A, Blue Plains Tunnel. Available online: https:\/\/www.dcwater.com\/workzones\/projects\/pdfs\/blueplains_tunnel.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2013.08.004","article-title":"Terrestrial reference frame NA12 for crustal deformation studies in North America","volume":"72","author":"Blewitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012552","article-title":"MIDAS robust trend estimator for accurate GPS station velocities without step detection","volume":"121","author":"Blewitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1029\/GL007i003p00181","article-title":"New evidence for tectonic uplift in the Diablo Plateau region, west Texas","volume":"7","author":"Reilinger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1130\/G34045.1","article-title":"Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA: Links between wastewater injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 earthquake sequence","volume":"41","author":"Keranen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2011.05129.x","article-title":"Ground deformation in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, observed by ALOS PALSAR interferometry","volume":"187","author":"Samsonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7923","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011227","article-title":"Seismological and geodetic constraints on the 2011 Mw 5.3 Trinidad, Colorado earthquake and induced deformation in the Raton Basin","volume":"119","author":"Barnhart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50288","article-title":"Characterization of open and closed volcanic systems in Indonesia and Mexico using InSAR time series","volume":"118","author":"Chaussard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag0262","article-title":"Surface uplift and time-dependent seismic hazard due to fluid injection in eastern Texas","volume":"353","author":"Shirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Ali, S.T., Davatzes, N.C., Feigl, K.L., Wang, H.F., Foxall, W., Mellors, R.J., Akerley, J., Zemach, E., and Spielman, P. (2015, January 26\u201328). Deformation at Brady Hot Springs geothermal field measured by time series analysis of InSAR data. Proceedings of the Fourtieth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Im, K., Elsworth, D., Guglielmi, Y.G., and Mattioli, G.S. (July, January 28). Use of Geodesy to Discriminate Deformation Mechanics in Geothermal Reservoirs. Proceedings of the 9th US Rock Mechanics\/Geomechanics Symposium, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barra, A., Solari, L., B\u00e9jar-Pizarro, M., Monserrat, O., Bianchini, S., Herrera, G., Crosetto, M., Sarro, R., Gonz\u00e1lez-Alonso, E., and Mateos, R.M. (2017). A Methodology to Detect and Update Active Deformation Areas Based on Sentinel-1 SAR Images. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101002"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/12\/1296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:44Z","timestamp":1760208824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/12\/1296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9121296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9121296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]}}}