{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T21:28:08Z","timestamp":1772054888403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complex tectonic and non-tectonic movements exist in the Tianshan area. However, we have not acquired good knowledge of such movements yet. In this study, we combine Global Positioning System (GPS), the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Surface Loading Models (SLMs) data to study the seasonal vertical crustal displacements in the Tianshan area. The results show that all three datasets exhibit significant annual variations at all 26 local GPS stations. Correlation coefficients higher than 0.8 between the GRACE and GPS data were observed at 85% of the stations, and it became 92% when comparing GPS and SLMs. The Weighted Root Mean Squares (WRMS) reductions were 41% and 47% after removing the annual displacements of GRACE and SLMs from the GPS time series, respectively. The consistency between the GPS and SLMs data was higher than that between the GPS and GRACE data, which is mainly due to the dominant position of atmospheric loading in the study area. For the abnormal station XJYN (43\u00b0N, 81\u00b0E), the GPS time series showed an abnormal uplift from early 2013 to early 2015, but this not shown in the GRACE and SLMs results. We attribute this discrepancy to groundwater variations, which are not resolvable by GRACE and SLMs for small-scale regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T13:35:00Z","timestamp":1513085700000},"page":"1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Characterizing the Seasonal Crustal Motion in Tianshan Area Using GPS, GRACE and Surface Loading Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5487-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan 430071, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Bao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5641-8041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1029\/JB084iB07p03425","article-title":"Active faulting and cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal regions","volume":"84","author":"Tapponnier","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. 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