{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:41:56Z","timestamp":1771922516568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydro-sedimentary numerical models have been widely employed to derive suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations in coastal and estuarine waters. These hydro-sedimentary models are computationally and technically expensive in nature. Here we have used a computationally less-expensive, well-established methodology of self-organizing maps (SOMs) along with a hidden Markov model (HMM) to derive profiles of suspended particulate inorganic matter (SPIM). The concept of the proposed work is to benefit from all available data sets through the use of fusion methods and machine learning approaches that are able to process a growing amount of available data. This approach is applied to two different data sets entitled \u201cHidden\u201d and \u201cObservable\u201d. The hidden data are composed of 15 months (27 September 2007 to 30 December 2008) of hourly SPIM profiles extracted from the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The observable data include forcing parameter variables such as significant wave heights (    H s     and     H s 50     (50 days)) from the Wavewatch 3-HOMERE database and barotropic currents (    U b a r     and     V b a r    ) from the Iberian\u2013Biscay\u2013Irish (IBI) reanalysis data. These observable data integrate hourly surface samples from 1 February 2002 to 31 December 2012. The time-series profiles of the SPIM have been derived from four different stations in the English Channel by considering 15 months of output hidden data from the ROMS as a statistical representation of the ocean for \u224811 years. The derived SPIM profiles clearly show seasonal and tidal fluctuations in accordance with the parent numerical model output. The surface SPIM concentrations of the derived model have been validated with satellite remote sensing data. The time series of the modeled SPIM and satellite-derived SPIM show similar seasonal fluctuations. The ranges of concentrations for the four stations are also in good agreement with the corresponding satellite data. The high accuracy of the estimated 25 h average surface SPIM concentrations (normalized root-mean-square error\u2014    N R M S E     of less than 16%) is the first step in demonstrating the robustness of the method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T12:23:56Z","timestamp":1513340636000},"page":"1320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Construction of Multi-Year Time-Series Profiles of Suspended Particulate Inorganic Matter Concentrations Using Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pannimpullath","family":"Renosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Hydrographique et Oc\u00e9anographique de la Marine (SHOM), 29228 Brest, France"},{"name":"Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers (CNAM), 75003 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Jourdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Hydrographique et Oc\u00e9anographique de la Marine (SHOM), 29228 Brest, France"}]},{"given":"Anastase","family":"Charantonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique pour l\u2019Industrie et l\u2019Entreprise (ENSIIE), 91000 \u00c9vry, France"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Yala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers (CNAM), 75003 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Rivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerema, Direction Eau Mer et Fleuves, ER, Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie C\u00f4tier et Environnement, Technop\u00f4le Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"},{"name":"IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, Technople Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"given":"Fouad","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers (CNAM), 75003 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Thiria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie et du Climat: Exp\u00e9rimentations et Approches Num\u00e9riques (LOCEAN), 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6227-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Guillou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerema, Direction Eau Mer et Fleuves, ER, Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie C\u00f4tier et Environnement, Technop\u00f4le Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9711-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Leckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Hydrographique et Oc\u00e9anographique de la Marine (SHOM), 29228 Brest, France"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Gohin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, Technople Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Garlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Hydrographique et Oc\u00e9anographique de la Marine (SHOM), 29228 Brest, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.002997","article-title":"Robust underwater visibility parameter","volume":"11","author":"Zaneveld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. 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