{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:37:44Z","timestamp":1770705464293,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have developed a simple way to generate binary patterns based on spectral slopes in different frequency ranges at fluctuation-enhanced sensing. Such patterns can be considered as binary \"fingerprints\" of odors. The method has experimentally been demonstrated with a commercial semiconducting metal oxide (Taguchi) sensor exposed to bacterial odors (Escherichia coli and Anthrax-surrogate Bacillus subtilis) and processing their stochastic signals. With a single Taguchi sensor, the situations of empty chamber, tryptic soy agar (TSA) medium, or TSA with bacteria could be distinguished with 100% reproducibility. The bacterium numbers were in the range of 2.5 \u00d7 104-106. To illustrate the relevance for ultra-low power consumption, we show that this new type of signal processing and pattern recognition task can be implemented by a simple analog circuitry and a few logic gates with total power consumption in the microWatts range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100100361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T11:04:20Z","timestamp":1262689460000},"page":"361-373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Binary Fingerprints at Fluctuation-Enhanced Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hung-Chih","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3128, USA"}]},{"given":"Laszlo  B.","family":"Kish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3128, USA"}]},{"given":"Maria  D.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4341-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiman","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing, Inc., 13619 Valley Oak Circle, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Implications of aerobiology in respiratory allergy","volume":"3","author":"Chanda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. 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