{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T16:34:09Z","timestamp":1775752449976,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]],"date-time":"2010-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1263859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chip-based DNA quantification systems are widespread, and used in many point-of-care applications. However, instruments for such applications may not be maintained or calibrated regularly. Since machine reliability is a key issue for normal operation, this study presents a system model of the real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) machine to analyze the instrument design through numerical experiments. Based on model analysis, a systematic approach was developed to lower the variation of DNA quantification and achieve a robust design for a real-time PCR-on-a-chip system. Accelerated lift testing was adopted to evaluate the reliability of the chip prototype. According to the life test plan, this proposed real-time PCR-on-a-chip system was simulated to work continuously for over three years with similar reproducibility in DNA quantification. This not only shows the robustness of the lab-on-a-chip system, but also verifies the effectiveness of our systematic method for achieving a robust design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100100697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]],"date-time":"2010-01-19T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1263894774000},"page":"697-718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Real-time PCR Machine System Modeling and a Systematic Approach for the Robust Design of a Real-time PCR-on-a-Chip System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Da-Sheng","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2144\/97221bi01","article-title":"Continuous fluorescence monitoring of rapid cycle DNA amplification","volume":"22","author":"Wittwer","year":"1997","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"176","article-title":"The LightCycler: a microvolume multisample fluorimeter with rapid temperature control","volume":"22","author":"Wittwer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bio. 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