{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:37:15Z","timestamp":1774435035721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]],"date-time":"2010-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1268092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reports recent advances and progress in the field of electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT). ECVT, developed from the two-dimensional electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), is a promising non-intrusive imaging technology that can provide real-time three-dimensional images of the sensing domain. Images are reconstructed from capacitance measurements acquired by electrodes placed on the outside boundary of the testing vessel. In this article, a review of progress on capacitance sensor design and applications to multi-phase flows is presented. The sensor shape, electrode configuration, and the number of electrodes that comprise three key elements of three-dimensional capacitance sensors are illustrated. The article also highlights applications of ECVT sensors on vessels of various sizes from 1 to 60 inches with complex geometries. Case studies are used to show the capability and validity of ECVT. The studies provide qualitative and quantitative real-time three-dimensional information of the measuring domain under study. Advantages of ECVT render it a favorable tool to be utilized for industrial applications and fundamental multi-phase flow research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100301890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]],"date-time":"2010-03-09T11:09:10Z","timestamp":1268132950000},"page":"1890-1917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography: Design and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"given":"Qussai","family":"Marashdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"given":"Liang-Shih","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"given":"Warsito","family":"Warsito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kunii, D.O., and Levenspiel, O. (1991). Fluidization Engineering, Butterworth-Heinemann. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, L.S., and Zhu, C. (1998). 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