{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:14:26Z","timestamp":1774120466775,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]],"date-time":"2010-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1268611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metal cutting processes are important due to increased consumer demands for quality metal cutting related products (more precise tolerances and better product surface roughness) that has driven the metal cutting industry to continuously improve quality control of metal cutting processes. This paper presents optimum surface roughness by using milling mould aluminium alloys (AA6061-T6) with Response Ant Colony Optimization (RACO). The approach is based on Response Surface Method (RSM) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). The main objectives to find the optimized parameters and the most dominant variables (cutting speed, feedrate, axial depth and radial depth). The first order model indicates that the feedrate is the most significant factor affecting surface roughness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100302054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]],"date-time":"2010-03-15T12:15:15Z","timestamp":1268655315000},"page":"2054-2063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Response Ant Colony Optimization of End Milling Surface Roughness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Kadirgama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, 26300 UMP, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, 26300 UMP, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8633-1833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed N. Abd","family":"Alla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300 UMP, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.068","article-title":"Use of Taguchi method to study a robust design for the sectioned beams curvature during rolling","volume":"190","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Proc. Tech"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2005.06.040","article-title":"Multi-response optimization in friction properties of PBT composites using Taguchi method and principle component analysis","volume":"170","author":"Fung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Proc. 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