{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:20:12Z","timestamp":1761488412698,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,16]],"date-time":"2010-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1268697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oscillation frequencies of charged particles in a Penning trap can serve as sensors for spectroscopy when additional field components are introduced to the magnetic and electric fields used for confinement. The presence of so-called \u201cmagnetic bottles\u201d and specific electric anharmonicities creates calculable energy-dependences of the oscillation frequencies in the radiofrequency domain which may be used to detect the absorption or emission of photons both in the microwave and optical frequency domains. The precise electronic measurement of these oscillation frequencies therefore represents an optical sensor for spectroscopy. We discuss possible applications for precision laser and microwave spectroscopy and their role in the determination of magnetic moments and excited state lifetimes. Also, the trap-assisted measurement of radiative nuclear de-excitations in the X-ray domain is discussed. This way, the different applications range over more than 12 orders of magnitude in the detectable photon energies, from below \u03bceV in the microwave domain to beyond MeV in the X-ray domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100302169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,16]],"date-time":"2010-03-16T14:30:07Z","timestamp":1268749807000},"page":"2169-2187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Trapped Ion Oscillation Frequencies as Sensors for Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Vogel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Quint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"N\u00f6rtersh\u00e4user","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Chemistry Department, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t, D-55099 Mainz, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Major, F.G., Gheorghe, V.N., and Werth, G. 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