{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:35:06Z","timestamp":1770896106495,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,29]],"date-time":"2010-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Active ground optical remote sensing (AGORS) devices mounted on overhead irrigation booms could help to improve seedling quality by autonomously monitoring seedling stress. In contrast to traditionally used passive optical sensors, AGORS devices operate independently of ambient light conditions and do not require spectral reference readings. Besides measuring red (590\u2013670 nm) and near-infrared (&gt;760 nm) reflectance AGORS devices have recently become available that also measure red-edge (730 nm) reflectance. We tested the hypothesis that the additional availability of red-edge reflectance information would improve AGORS of plant stress induced chlorophyll breakdown in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Our results showed that the availability of red-edge reflectance information improved AGORS estimates of stress induced variation in chlorophyll concentration (r2 &gt; 0.73, RMSE &lt; 1.69) when compared to those without (r2 = 0.57, RMSE = 2.11).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100402843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,29]],"date-time":"2010-03-29T11:15:16Z","timestamp":1269861316000},"page":"2843-2850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Active Ground Optical Remote Sensing for Improved Monitoring of Seedling Stress in Nurseries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Eitel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics, University of Idaho, PO Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, USA"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forest Nursery and Seedling Research, University of Idaho, PO Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, USA"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center, PO Box 370, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forest Nursery and Seedling Research, University of Idaho, PO Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, USA"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Vierling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics, University of Idaho, PO Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.24.090186.001405","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Biotic and abiotic plant stress","volume":"24","author":"Jackson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Landis, T.D., Haase, D.L., and Dumroese, R.K. (2004, January July). Plant nutrient testing and analysis in forest and conservation nurseries, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Murakami, P.F., Turner, M.R., van den Berg, A.K., and Schaberg, P.G. (2005). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. General technical report NE."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2008.0288","article-title":"sensitivity of ground-based remote sensing estimates of wheat chlorophyll content to variation in soil reflectance","volume":"73","author":"Eitel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1993.tb13796.x","article-title":"Response of Leaf Reflectance to Plant Stress","volume":"80","author":"Carter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Amer. J. Botany"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2307\/2657068","article-title":"Leaf Optical Properties in Higher Plants: Linking Spectral Characteristics to Stress and Chlorophyll Concentration","volume":"88","author":"Carter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Amer. J. Botany"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169208904165","article-title":"Identification of a far-red reflectance response to ectomycorrhizae in slash pine","volume":"13","author":"Cibula","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"144","article-title":"Physiological Response of Coniferous Seedlings to Simulated Acid Rain","volume":"3","author":"Iordanova","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Protec. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(70)80021-9","article-title":"Physical and physiological basis for the reflectance of visible and near-infrared radiation","volume":"1","author":"Knipling","year":"1970","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2007.0254N","article-title":"A comparison of two techniques for nondestructive measurement of chlorophyll content in grapevine leaves","volume":"100","author":"Steele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. J"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00113-9","article-title":"Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance","volume":"74","author":"Daughtry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (,  1973). Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2007.0362","article-title":"Combined Spectral Index to Improve Ground-Based Estimates of Nitrogen Status in Dryland Wheat","volume":"100","author":"Eitel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. J"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168308948544","article-title":"The relationships between the chlorophyll concentration, LAI and reflectance of a simple vegetation canopy","volume":"4","author":"Curran","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Barnes, E.M., Clarke, T.R., Richards, S.E., Colaizzi, P.D., Haberland, J., Kostrzewski, M., Waller, P., Choi, C., Riley, E., Thompson, T., Lascano, R.J., Li, H., and Moran, M.S. (2000, January 16\u201319). Coincident detection of Crop Water Stress, Nitrogen Status and Canopy Density Using Ground-Based Multispectral Data [CD Rom], Bloomington, MN, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(87)48036-1","article-title":"Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes","volume":"148","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Meth. Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2004.04.004","article-title":"Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat (Triticium aestivum L.) using plant pigment ratio (PPR)","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(99)00063-0","article-title":"Computer control system for spatially varied water and chemical application studies with continuous-move irrigation systems","volume":"24","author":"King","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agricul"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/4\/2843\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:01:56Z","timestamp":1760220116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/4\/2843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,29]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s100402843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100402843","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,29]]}}}