{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:39:08Z","timestamp":1760243948995,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the implementation of the Wide Area Differential Global Positioning System (WADGPS) system in order to evaluate the operational performance of a satellite based aviation navigation system within Taipei Flight Information Region (FIR). The main objective of the WADGPS is to provide real time integrity information regarding the use of GPS for civil aviation applications. This paper uses the e-GPS observation stations operated by the Taiwan Ministry of Interior (MOI) as the WADGPS reference stations to collect the L1-L2 dual-frequency GPS measurements. A WADGPS master station is also implemented to process all GPS measurements sent from each reference station, and then generate the vector corrections. These vector corrections consist of the satellite ephemeris and clock errors, and a grid of ionospheric delays. The data stream also includes confidence bounds for the corrections and \u201cUse\/Do Not Use\u201d messages to provide integrity. These messages are then passed to the WADGPS user through the Internet. This paper discusses the WADGPS system architecture and the system performance analysis. A five-day operation performance in Taipei Flight Information Region (FIR) is presented in this paper. The results show that the WADGPS can improve the accuracy performance of GPS positioning and fulfill the integrity performance required by Non-Precision Approach (NPA) defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100402995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T11:22:32Z","timestamp":1269948152000},"page":"2995-3022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Implementation and Evaluation of the WADGPS System in the Taipei Flight Information Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shau-Shiun","family":"Jan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Civil Aviation, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chieh","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Civil Aviation, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Enge, P., and Misra, P. (2006). Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, and Performance, Ganga-Jamuna Press. [2nd ed].","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1109\/5.736345","article-title":"Local Area Augmentation of GPS for the Precision Approach of Aircraft","volume":"87","author":"Enge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"unstructured":"Kee, C. Wide Area Differential GPS (WADGPS), Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, CA, USA, 1993.","key":"ref_3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/5.533954","article-title":"Wide Area Augmentation of the Global Positioning System","volume":"84","author":"Enge","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463307004274","article-title":"SBAS Algorithm Performance in the Implementation of the ASIAPACIFIC GNSS Test Bed","volume":"60","author":"Pringvanich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Navig"},{"unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (1999). GNSS SARPs (Standards and Recommended Practices for the Global Navigation Satellite System), ICAO.","key":"ref_6"},{"unstructured":"(2002). Navigation and Landing Transition Strategy, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).","key":"ref_7"},{"unstructured":"DO-229D (2006). WAAS MOPS (Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Global Positioning System\/ Wide Area Augmentation System Airborne Equipment), RTCA, Inc.","key":"ref_8"},{"unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/waas.stanford.edu (accessed on 9 February 2010).","key":"ref_9"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.1994.tb02320.x","article-title":"Required Navigation Performance (RNP) for Precision Approach and Landing GNSS Application","volume":"41","author":"Kelly","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Navig"},{"unstructured":"Chao, Y.C. Real Time Implementation of the Wide Area Augmentation System for the Global Position System with an Emphasis on Ionospheric Modeling, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1997.","key":"ref_11"},{"unstructured":"Tsai, Y.J. Wide Area Differential Operation of the Global Positioning System: Ephemeris and Clock Algorithms, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1999.","key":"ref_12"},{"unstructured":"Walter, T., Enge, P., and Hansen, A. (1997, January 16\u201319). A Proposed Integrity Equation for WAAS MOPS. Kansas City, MI, USA.","key":"ref_13"},{"unstructured":"Jan, S.S. Aircraft Landing Using a Modernized Global Position System and the Wide Area Augmentation System, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2003.","key":"ref_14"},{"unstructured":"ICD-GPS-200C (1993). NAVSTAR GPS Space Segment \/Navigation User Interface.","key":"ref_15"},{"unstructured":"Chao, Y.C., Tsai, Y.J., Walter, T., Kee, C., Enge, P., and Parkinson, B.W. (1995, January 18\u201320). The Ionospheric Delay Model Improvement for the Stanford WAAS Network. Anaheim, CA, USA.","key":"ref_16"},{"unstructured":"Kee, C., Yun, Y., and Kim, D. (2003, January 9\u201312). Simulation-based Performance Analysis of SBAS in Korea: Accuracy & Availability. Portland, OR, USA.","key":"ref_17"},{"unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.tw.freebsd.org\/ (accessed on 9 February 2010).","key":"ref_18"},{"unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.opengroup.org\/motif\/ (accessed on 9 February 2010).","key":"ref_19"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/4\/2995\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:01:57Z","timestamp":1760220117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/4\/2995"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s100402995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100402995","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]}}}