{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T06:25:19Z","timestamp":1775543119840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]],"date-time":"2010-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biosensors allow the direct detection of molecular analytes, by associating a biological receptor with a transducer able to convert the analyte-receptor recognition event into a measurable signal. We review recent work aimed at developing synthetic fluorescent molecular sensors for a variety of analytes, based on peptidic receptors labeled with environmentally sensitive fluorophores. Fluorescent indicators based on synthetic peptides are highly interesting alternatives to protein-based sensors, since they can be synthesized chemically, are stable, and can be easily modified in a site-specific manner for fluorophore coupling and for immobilization on solid supports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100403126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]],"date-time":"2010-03-31T11:10:34Z","timestamp":1270033834000},"page":"3126-3144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Environmentally Sensitive Fluorescent Sensors Based on Synthetic Peptides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Laurence","family":"Choulier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosensor group, CNRS \/ Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, IREBS, Parc d'Innovation, Boulevard S\u00e9bastien Brandt, BP 10413, 67412 Illkirch cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Enander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(98)01174-3","article-title":"Protein engineering and the development of generic biosensors","volume":"16","author":"Hellinga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.11.002","article-title":"Monitoring protein interactions and dynamics with solvatochromic fluorophores","volume":"28","author":"Loving","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200900249","article-title":"Recent progress in strategies for the creation of protein-based fluorescent biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9215","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00086a029","article-title":"Acrylodan can label amino as well as sulfhydryl groups: results with low-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein[a], and lipid-free proteins","volume":"32","author":"Mims","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50703-7","article-title":"Sitespecific chemical modification of interleukin-1-beta by acrylodan at cysteine-8 and lysine-103","volume":"267","author":"Yem","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069346","article-title":"Probing protein electrostatics with a synthetic fluorescent amino acid","volume":"296","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14974","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42135-7","article-title":"Active-site-selective labeling of blood coagulation proteinases with fluorescence probes by the use of thioester peptide chloromethyl ketones","volume":"267","author":"Bock","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6788","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110257200","article-title":"Binding of exosite ligands to human thrombin. Re-evaluation of allosteric linkage between thrombin exosites I and II","volume":"277","author":"Verhamme","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3194752","article-title":"Introduction of nucleophiles and spectroscopic probes into antibody combining sites","volume":"242","author":"Pollack","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12065","DOI":"10.1021\/ja002044d","article-title":"A general semisynthetic method for fluorescent saccharide-biosensors based on a lectin","volume":"122","author":"Hamachi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1021\/ja035631i","article-title":"Coupling a natural receptor protein with an artificial receptor to afford a semisynthetic fluorescent biosensor","volume":"126","author":"Nakata","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200700364","article-title":"Ratiometric fluorescent biosensor for real-time and label-free monitoring of fine saccharide metabolic pathways","volume":"9","author":"Nakata","year":"2008","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2005.03.094","article-title":"Suzuki coupling for protein modification","volume":"46","author":"Ojida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(01)00003-5","article-title":"A sensitive fluorescence monitor for the detection of activated Ras: total chemical synthesis of site-speci\u00a2cally labeled Ras binding domain of c-Raf1 immobilized on a surface","volume":"8","author":"Becker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Biol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1021\/bc700247x","article-title":"A multipurpose receptor composed of promiscuous proteins. Analyte detection through pattern recognition","volume":"18","author":"Viljanen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.062261606","article-title":"Binding and signaling of surface-immobilized reagentless fluorescent biosensors derived from periplasmic binding proteins","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16228","DOI":"10.1021\/ja036459l","article-title":"Design and construction of glutamine binding proteins with a self-adhering capability to unmodified hydrophobic surfaces as reagentless fluorescence sensing devices","volume":"125","author":"Wada","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00093a047","article-title":"Engineering the maltose binding protein for reagentless fluorescence sensing","volume":"66","author":"Gilardi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8310296","article-title":"Kinetics of molecular chaperone action","volume":"263","author":"Schmid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10078","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00031a032","article-title":"Diffusion-limited interaction between unfolded polypeptides and the Escherichia coli chaperone SecB","volume":"34","author":"Fekkes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18552","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201164200","article-title":"Environment and mobility of a series of fluorescent reporters at the amino terminus of structurally related peptide agonists and antagonists bound to the cholecystokinin receptor","volume":"277","author":"Harikumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409480200","article-title":"Distinct molecular mechanisms for agonist peptide binding to types A and B cholecystokinin receptors demonstrated using fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"280","author":"Harikumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M509197200","article-title":"Use of probes with fluorescence indicator distributed throughout the pharmacophore to examine the peptide agonist-binding environment of the family B G protein-coupled secretin receptor","volume":"281","author":"Harikumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(02)00308-3","article-title":"Construction of a protein-detection system using a loop peptide library with a fluorescence label","volume":"10","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.10568","article-title":"Peptide arrays with designed secondary structures for protein characterization using fluorescent fingerprint patterns","volume":"76","author":"Usui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1039\/b501877n","article-title":"A novel fluorescence sensing system using a photochromism-based assay (P-CHROBA) technique for the detection of target proteins","volume":"15","author":"Tomizaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1039\/B514263F","article-title":"A novel peptide microarray for protein detection and analysis utilizing a dry peptide array system","volume":"2","author":"Usui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5709","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9801006","article-title":"Structural transitions accompanying the activation of peptide binding to the endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 chaperone GRP94","volume":"37","author":"Wearsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1021\/bc800159d","article-title":"A peptide-based, ratiometric biosensor construct for direct fluorescence detection of a protein analyte","volume":"19","author":"Enander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Choulier, L., Shvadchak, V.V., Naidoo, A., Klymchenko, A.S., M\u00e9ly, Y., and Altschuh, D. A peptide-based fluorescent ratiometric sensor for quantitative detection of proteins. Anal. Biochem, (in press)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1021\/bc050307t","article-title":"Synthesis, photophysical effects, and DNA targeting properties of oxazole yellow-peptide bioconjugates","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.20200","article-title":"[Aladan3]TIPP: A fluorescent \u03b4-opioid antagonist with high \u03b4-receptor binding affinity and \u03b4 selectivity","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10150","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0351847","article-title":"Fluorescent caged phosphoserine peptides as probes to investigate phosphorylation-dependent protein associations","volume":"125","author":"Nitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27072","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605098200","article-title":"Fluorescent indicators distributed throughout the pharmacophore of cholecystokinin provide insights into distinct modes of binding and activation of type A and B cholecystokinin receptors","volume":"281","author":"Harikumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1039\/B408001G","article-title":"A new environment-sensitive fluorescent amino acid for Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis","volume":"2","author":"Rothman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Org. Biomol.Chem"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6680","DOI":"10.1021\/ja900371q","article-title":"A general screening strategy for peptide-based fluorogenic ligands: probes for dynamic studies of PDZ domain-mediated interactions","volume":"131","author":"Sainlos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0449168","article-title":"Photophysics and biological applications of the environment-sensitive fluorophore 6-N,N-dimethylamino-2,3-naphthalimide","volume":"127","author":"Blanco","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio868","article-title":"Fluorogenic probes for monitoring peptide binding to class II MHC proteins in living cells","volume":"3","author":"Venkatraman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0577692","article-title":"Self-reporting fluorescent substrates of protein tyrosine kinases","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14016","DOI":"10.1021\/ja065852z","article-title":"Light-regulated sampling of protein tyrosine kinase activity","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7684","DOI":"10.1021\/ja050789j","article-title":"Phosphorylation-driven protein\u2013protein interactions: a protein kinase sensing system","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1021\/ja068280r","article-title":"Deep quench: an expanded dynamic range for protein kinase sensors","volume":"129","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14248","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0380502","article-title":"Versatile fluorescence probes of protein kinase activity","volume":"125","author":"Shults","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2006.03.003","article-title":"Optimal Sox-based fluorescent chemosensor design for serine\/threonine protein kinases","volume":"352","author":"Shults","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.05.030","article-title":"Fluorescent reporters of the histone acetyltransferase","volume":"380","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.12.119","article-title":"Inhibitory study of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 using a fluorescent approach","volume":"379","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.021860","article-title":"Construction of a fluorescent biosensor family","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1081\/AL-120027785","article-title":"Use of a cyanine dye as a reporter probe in reagentless maltose sensors based on E. coli maltose binding protein","volume":"37","author":"Medintz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Lett"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1021\/bc050309d","article-title":"Synthesis of Thiol-derivative, long-wavelength fluorescent phenoxazine derivatives for biosensor applications","volume":"17","author":"Sherman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.072969407","article-title":"Structure-based design of robust glucose biosensors using a Thermotoga maritima periplasmic glucose-binding protein","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1021\/ja016824d","article-title":"A new fluorescent biosensor for inositol trisphosphate","volume":"124","author":"Morii","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)00023-2","article-title":"Knowledge-based design of reagentless fluorescent biosensors from recombinant antibodies","volume":"318","author":"Renard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)01334-7","article-title":"Deriving topological constraints from functional data for the design of reagentless fluorescent immunosensors","volume":"326","author":"Renard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4366","article-title":"The rational design of allosteric interactions in a monomeric protein and its applications to the construction of biosensors","volume":"94","author":"Marvin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.062607007","article-title":"Computational design and biochemical characterization of maize nonspecific lipid transfer protein variants for biosensor applications","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.062135206","article-title":"Identification of cognate ligands for the Escherichia coli phnD protein product and engineering of a reagentless fluorescent biosensor for phosphonates","volume":"15","author":"Rizk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1021\/bc700146r","article-title":"Synthesis and biosensor performance of a near-IR thiol-derivative fluorophore based on benzothiazolium squaraine","volume":"18","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.041146005","article-title":"Analysis of allosteric signal transduction mechanisms in an engineered fluorescent maltose biosensor","volume":"14","author":"Dattelbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3765(20000515)6:10<1781::AID-CHEM1781>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Construction of \u03b1-Helix peptides with \u03b2-cyclodextrin and dansyl units and their conformational and molecular sensing properties","volume":"6","author":"Matsumura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2000.252","article-title":"Association and guest-induced dissociation of a novel \u03b1-helix peptide bearing pyrene and \u03b3-cyclodextrin in the side chains","volume":"29","author":"Hossain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Lett"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1039\/b001090l","article-title":"Association of \u03b1-helix peptides that have \u03b3-cyclodextrin and pyrene units in their side chain, and induction of dissociation of the association dimer by external stimulant molecules","volume":"2","author":"Hossain","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3927(20000501)21:8<485::AID-MARC485>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Guest-responsive excimer emission in an \u03b1-helix peptide bearing \u03b3-cyclodextrin and two naphthalene units","volume":"21","author":"Toyoda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7435","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0105921","article-title":"Guest-induced diminishment in fluorescence quenching and molecule sensing ability of a novel cyclodextrin-peptide conjugate","volume":"123","author":"Hossain","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3927(20020101)23:1<11::AID-MARC11>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Double naphthalene-tagged cyclodextrin-peptide capable of exhibiting guest-induced naphthalene excimer fluorescence","volume":"23","author":"Yana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid. Commun"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3927(20021001)23:15<905::AID-MARC905>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Fluorescent cyclodextrin\/peptide hybrids with a novel guest-responsive chemosensor in the peptide side chain","volume":"23","author":"Toyoda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid. Commun"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021242225087","article-title":"Molecule-responsive fluorescent sensors of \u03b1-helix peptides bearing \u03b1-cyclodextrin, pyrene and nitrobenzene units in their side chains","volume":"43","author":"Hossain","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.200390033","article-title":"Sensing behavior of fluorescent cyclodextrin\/peptide hybrids bearing a macrocyclic metal complex","volume":"24","author":"Furukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1021\/jo010954n","article-title":"Designed, folded polypeptide scaffolds that combine key biosensing events of recognition and reporting","volume":"67","author":"Enander","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200305391","article-title":"A versatile polypeptide platform for integrated recognition and reporting: affinity arrays for protein-ligand interaction analysis","volume":"10","author":"Enander","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.1021\/ja038799c","article-title":"Designed, functionalized helix-loop-helix motifs that bind human carbonic anhydrase II: A new class of synthetic receptor molecules","volume":"126","author":"Enander","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2005.08.018","article-title":"The binding of human carbonic anhydrase II by functionalized folded polypeptide receptors","volume":"12","author":"Andersson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Biol"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2001.5131","article-title":"A novel reagentless sensing system for measuring glucose based on the galactose\/glucose-binding protein","volume":"294","author":"Salins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.08.018","article-title":"Low-cost optical lifetime assisted ratiometric glutamine sensor based on glutamine binding protein","volume":"383","author":"Lam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1021\/ja038409m","article-title":"Rational design of a novel fluorescent biosensor for \u03b2-lactam antibiotics from a class A \u03b2-lactamase","volume":"126","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/4\/3126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:01:59Z","timestamp":1760220119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/4\/3126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s100403126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100403126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]]}}}