{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:38:30Z","timestamp":1760243910556,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,14]],"date-time":"2010-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1271203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is accepted that the activity of the vehicle pedals (i.e., throttle, brake, clutch) reflects the driver\u2019s behavior, which is at least partially related to the fuel consumption and vehicle pollutant emissions. This paper presents a solution to estimate the driver activity regardless of the type, model, and year of fabrication of the vehicle. The solution is based on an alternative sensor system (regime engine, vehicle speed, frontal inclination and linear acceleration) that reflects the activity of the pedals in an indirect way, to estimate that activity by means of a multilayer perceptron neural network with a single hidden layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100403798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,15]],"date-time":"2010-04-15T10:51:29Z","timestamp":1271328689000},"page":"3798-3814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Alternative Sensor System and MLP Neural Network for Vehicle Pedal Activity Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Wefky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Polytechnics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Polytechnics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Polytechnics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Santiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Polytechnics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Polytechnics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo J.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Polytechnics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Campus Universitario s\/n, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016890","article-title":"Modeling and prediction of human behavior","volume":"11","author":"Pentland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Oliver, N., and Pentland, A. 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