{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:11:43Z","timestamp":1765368703589,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,6]],"date-time":"2010-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1273104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Presently, the quality assurance of agarwood oil is performed by sensory panels which has significant drawbacks in terms of objectivity and repeatability. In this paper, it is shown how an electronic nose (e-nose) may be successfully utilised for the classification of agarwood oil. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were used to classify different types of oil. The HCA produced a dendrogram showing the separation of e-nose data into three different groups of oils. The PCA scatter plot revealed a distinct separation between the three groups. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used for a better prediction of unknown samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100504675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,6]],"date-time":"2010-05-06T11:08:46Z","timestamp":1273144126000},"page":"4675-4685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Classification of Agarwood Oil Using an Electronic Nose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wahyu","family":"Hidayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Research Cluster, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ali Yeon Md.","family":"Shakaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Research Cluster, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohd Noor","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Research Cluster, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Abdul Hamid","family":"Adom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Research Cluster, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelder, D.J., and Lasco, R.D. (2008). Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural 245 Development and Environmental Services, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8261-0"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Barden, A., Anak, N.A., Mulliken, T., and Song, M. (2000). Hearth of the Matter: Agarwood Use and Trade and CITES Implementation for Aquilaria Malaccensis, TRAFFIC International. Traffic Network Report 1998\u20132000;."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Keller, P.E. (, January September). Mimicking biology: applications of cognitive systems to electronic noses. Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2004). Cyranose 320 User Manual, Smith Detection."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, J.W., and Bartlett, P.N. (1999). Electronic Noses: Principles and Applications, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198559559.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.11.022","article-title":"Application of ANN with extracted parameters from an electronic nose in cigarette brand identification","volume":"99","author":"Luo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-006-0623-9","article-title":"Review: Data analysis for electronic nose systems","volume":"156","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hines, E.L., Iobet, E.L., and Gardner, J.W. (, January December). Electronic noses: a review of signal processing techniques. Salte Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Principal Component Analysis, Springer-Verlag. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00002-9","article-title":"Application of principal component analysis and artificial neural networks to recognize the individual VOCs of methanol\/2-propanol in a binary mixture by SAW multi-sensor array","volume":"89","author":"Penza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.05.043","article-title":"Enhancing electronic nose performance by sensor selection using a new integer-based genetic algorithm approach","volume":"106","author":"Gardner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.08.033","article-title":"Stochastic resonance-based electronic nose: A novel way to classify bacteria","volume":"115","author":"Dutta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B: Chem"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/5\/4675\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:21Z","timestamp":1760220141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/5\/4675"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,6]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s100504675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100504675","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,6]]}}}