{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:57:15Z","timestamp":1763017035841,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,25]],"date-time":"2010-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1274745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and low-cost autonomous self-localization is a critical requirement of various applications of a large-scale distributed wireless sensor network (WSN). Due to its massive deployment of sensors, explicit measurements based on specialized localization hardware such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) is not practical. In this paper, we propose a low-cost WSN localization solution. Our design uses received signal strength indicators for ranging, light weight distributed algorithms based on the spring-relaxation technique for location computation, and the cooperative approach to achieve certain location estimation accuracy with a low number of nodes with known locations. We provide analysis to show the suitability of the spring-relaxation technique for WSN localization with cooperative approach, and perform simulation experiments to illustrate its accuracy in localization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100505171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,25]],"date-time":"2010-05-25T16:59:51Z","timestamp":1274806791000},"page":"5171-5192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Location Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Spring-Relaxation Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Chuan Heng","family":"Foh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boon-Chong","family":"Seet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"A. C. M.","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, T., Krishnamurthy, S., Stankovic, J.A., Abdelzaher, T., Luo, L., Stoleru, R., Yan, T., Gu, L., Hui, J., and Krogh, B. (2004, January June). Energy-efficient surveillance system using wireless sensor networks. 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