{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:06:14Z","timestamp":1768287974553,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]],"date-time":"2010-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have demonstrated label free detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T-Lymphocyte whole cells and CD4+ T-Lymphocyte cell lysis using the optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR) sensor. The OFRR sensing platform incorporates microfluidics and photonics in a setup that utilizes small sample volume and achieves a fast detection time. In this work, white blood cells were isolated from healthy blood and the concentrations were adjusted to match T-Lymphocyte levels of individuals infected with HIV. Detection was accomplished by immobilizing CD4 and CD8 antibodies on the inner surface of the OFRR. Sensing results show excellent detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T-Lymphocyte cells at medically significant concentrations with a detection time of approximately 30 minutes. This work will lead to a rapid and low-cost sensing device that can provide a CD4 and CD8 count as a measure of HIV progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]],"date-time":"2010-06-08T12:00:40Z","timestamp":1275998440000},"page":"5798-5808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Label Free Detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Using the Optofluidic Ring Resonator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"John T.","family":"Gohring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, 240D Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 East Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, 240D Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 East Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2158 Lurie Biomedical Engineering Building, 1101 Beal Ave., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Lab-on-a-chip Devices for Global Health: Past Studies and Future Opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Sia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1995.9961","article-title":"CD4 Lymphocytes in Women with Invasive and Preinvasive Cervical Neoplasia","volume":"59","author":"Gemignani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1039\/B612966H","article-title":"A Microfluidic Device for Practical Label-free CD4+ T Cell Counting of HIV-infected Subjects","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5322.112","article-title":"Positive Effects of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy on CD4+ T Cell Homeostasis and Function in Advanced HIV Disease","volume":"277","author":"Autran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)24010-4","article-title":"CD4-Cell Count in HIV-1 Infected Individuals Remaining Viraemic with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)","volume":"351","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00424.x","article-title":"British HIV Association (BHIVA) Guidelines for the Treatment of HIV-infected Adults with Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Gazzard","year":"2006","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/ContentFiles\/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf (accessed on 1 December 2009)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199307000-00011","article-title":"CD8 Lymphocyte Counts and Serum Immunoglobulin a Levels Early in HIV Infection as Predictors of CD4 Lymphocyte Depletion During 8 Years of Follow-up","volume":"7","author":"Phillips","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"114","article-title":"CD4 Percentage, CD4 Number, and CD4:CD8 Ratio in HIV Infection: Which to Choose and How to Use","volume":"2","author":"Taylor","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. AIDS"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117891","article-title":"Altered Representation of Naive and Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets in HIV-infected Children","volume":"95","author":"Rabin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117892","article-title":"CD8 Naive T Cell Counts Decrease Progressively in HIV-infected Adults","volume":"95","author":"Roederer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02091-0","article-title":"Frequent Infection of Peripheral Blood CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes with HIV-1","volume":"348","author":"Livingstone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19960315)26:1<52::AID-CYTO8>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of the FACSCount System: A Dedicated System for Clinical Cellular Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Strauss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1039\/b817116e","article-title":"Integration of Semiconductor Quantum Dots into Nano-bio-chip Systems for Enumeration of CD4+ T Cell Counts as the Point-of-need","volume":"8","author":"Jokerst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1039\/B713932B","article-title":"On-Chip Counting the Number and Percentage of CD4+ T-Lymphocytes","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.31.001319","article-title":"Liquid Core Optical Ring Resonators","volume":"31","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Lett"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.16.000147","article-title":"Optical Microsphere Resonators: Optimal Coupling to High-Q Whispering-Gallery Modes","volume":"16","author":"Gorodetsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1039\/b716834a","article-title":"Opto-fluidic Micro-ring Resonator for Sensitive Label-free Viral Detection","volume":"133","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9139","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.009139","article-title":"Analysis of Biomolecule Detection with Optofluidic Ring Resonator Sensors","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.10.005","article-title":"Label-Free Quantitative DNA Detection Using the Liquid Core Optical Ring Resonator","volume":"23","author":"Suter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.02.004","article-title":"An Opto-fluidic Ring Resonator Biosensor for the Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator. B Chem"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17433","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.017433","article-title":"SERS-Based Detection in an Optofluidic Ring Resonator Platform","volume":"15","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/6\/5798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:38Z","timestamp":1760220158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/6\/5798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s100605798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100605798","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]]}}}