{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:20:12Z","timestamp":1765545612045,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1276473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dimensional control based on 3D laser scanning techniques is widely used in practice. We describe the application of a hybrid 3D-2D laser scanning system to the characterization of slate slabs with structural defects that are difficult for the human eye to characterize objectively. Our study is based on automating the process using a 3D laser scanner and a 2D camera. Our results demonstrate that the application of this hybrid system optimally characterizes slate slabs in terms of the defects described by the Spanish UNE-EN 12326-1 standard.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T11:40:21Z","timestamp":1276515621000},"page":"5949-5961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Application of a Hybrid 3D-2D Laser Scanning System to the Characterization of Slate Slabs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marcos","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Mat\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Vil\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Taboada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"(2005). Productos de pizarras y piedra natural para tejados y revestimientos discontinuos. Parte 1: Especificaci\u00f3n del producto, AENOR. UNE-EN 12326-1:2005.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2007.06.002","article-title":"Application of Bayesian networks to the evaluation of roofing slate quality","volume":"94","author":"Rivas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Geol"},{"unstructured":"Scott, P.W., and Bristow, C.M. (2002). Industrial Minerals and The Extractive Industry Geology, The Geological Society.","key":"ref_3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2003.10.002","article-title":"Pattern codification strategies in structured light systems","volume":"37","author":"Salvi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Patt. Recog"},{"unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Fern\u00e1ndez, J., and Aracil, R. (,  1998). Integral on-line machine vision inspection in the manufacturing process of ceramic tiles. San Jose, CA, USA.","key":"ref_5"},{"unstructured":"Tobias, O.J., Seara, R., Soares, F.A., and Bermudez, J.C. (, January August). Automated visual inspection using the co-occurrence approach. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","key":"ref_6"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"231","article-title":"Morphological image processing for the recognition of surfaces defect","volume":"2249","author":"Nickolay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"unstructured":"Patek, D., Goddard, J., Karnowski, T., Lamond, D., and Hawkins, T. (, January January). Rule-based inspection of printed green ceramic tape. San Jose, CA, USA.","key":"ref_8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00067-4","article-title":"A comparative study of texture measures based on feature distributions","volume":"29","author":"Ojala","year":"1996","journal-title":"Patt. Recog"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2005.05.008","article-title":"Quality grading of painted slates using texture analysis","volume":"56","author":"Ghita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Ind"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M., and Stamp, R. Automated inspection of textured ceramic tiles. Comput. Ind, 43, 73\u201382.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3615(00)00052-X"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"108","article-title":"A vision-based system for inspecting painted slates","volume":"26","author":"Ghita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1117\/12.281279","article-title":"Colour machine vision system for process control in ceramics industry","volume":"3101","author":"Briones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"unstructured":"Boukouvalas, C., Vernazza, G., De Natale, F., De Toni, G., Kittler, J., Marik, R., Mirmehdi, M., Petrou, M., Le Roy, P., and Salgari, R. (, January May). An integrated system for quality inspection of tiles. Toulouse, France.","key":"ref_14"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batchelor, B.G., and Waltz, F.M. (2001). Intelligent Machine Vision: Techniques, Implementations and Applications, Springer.","key":"ref_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0239-7"},{"unstructured":"Whelan, P.F. (, January February). System engineering issues in industrial inspection. London, UK.","key":"ref_16"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3183\/npprj-2006-21-03-p342-348","article-title":"3D Laser Scanner: A new method for estimating the dimensions of wood pulp chips","volume":"21","author":"Casqueiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nordic Pulp Paper Res. J"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.15388\/Informatica.2008.218","article-title":"An efficient technique to detect visual defects in particleboards","volume":"19","author":"Guzaitis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/JRA.1987.1087109","article-title":"Versatile camera calibration technique for high-accuracy 3D machine vision metrology using off-the-shelf TV cameras and lenses","volume":"3","author":"Tsai","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE J. Robotic. Autom"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2006.02.015","article-title":"Study on a full field of view laser scanning systems","volume":"47","author":"Zexiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manu"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2004.07.006","article-title":"Complete calibration of a structured light stripe vision sensor through planar target of unknown orientations","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Image Vision Comput"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/6\/5949\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:41Z","timestamp":1760220161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/6\/5949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s100605949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100605949","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]}}}