{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T15:17:50Z","timestamp":1770218270403,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,17]],"date-time":"2010-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1276732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the beginning of the Mars planet exploration, the characterization of carbon dioxide hypersonic flows to simulate a spaceship\u2019s Mars atmosphere entry conditions has been an important issue. We have developed a Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometer with a new room-temperature operating antimony-based distributed feedback laser (DFB) diode laser to characterize the velocity, the temperature and the density of such flows. This instrument has been tested during two measurement campaigns in a free piston tunnel cold hypersonic facility and in a high enthalpy arc jet wind tunnel. These tests also demonstrate the feasibility of mid-infrared fiber optics coupling of the spectrometer to a wind tunnel for integrated or local flow characterization with an optical probe placed in the flow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100606081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,17]],"date-time":"2010-06-17T11:12:43Z","timestamp":1276773163000},"page":"6081-6091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Compact Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometer to Monitor CO2 at 2.7 \u00b5m Wavelength in Hypersonic Flows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Raph\u00e4el","family":"Vallon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The French Aerospace Lab, ONERA, BP72-29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, FR-92322 Chatillon cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Soutad\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The French Aerospace Lab, ONERA, BP72-29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, FR-92322 Chatillon cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"V\u00e9rant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The French Aerospace Lab, ONERA, BP72-29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, FR-92322 Chatillon cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Von Karman Institute, 1640 Rhode-St-G\u00e9n\u00e8se, Belgium"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Paris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Von Karman Institute, 1640 Rhode-St-G\u00e9n\u00e8se, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Ajmal","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The French Aerospace Lab, ONERA, BP72-29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, FR-92322 Chatillon cedex, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.003296","article-title":"Diode-laser absorption technique for simultaneous measurements of multiple gasdynamic parameters in high-speed flows containing water vapor","volume":"33","author":"Arroyo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.2514\/3.13095","article-title":"Tunable diode laser measurements on nitric oxide in a hypersonic wind tunnel","volume":"34","author":"Mohamed","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIAA J"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.004957","article-title":"Single-frequency Sb-based distributed-feedback lasers emitting at 2.3 \u03bcm above room temperature for application in tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy","volume":"45","author":"Salhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-007-2925-y","article-title":"CO2 concentration and temperature sensor for combustion gases using diode-laser absorption near 2.7 \u03bcm","volume":"90","author":"Farooq","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6740","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.006740","article-title":"Measurements of CO2 concentration and temperature at high pressures using 1f-normalized wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic detection near 2.7 \u03bcm","volume":"48","author":"Farooq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115201","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/11\/115201","article-title":"Absorption sensor for CO in combustion gases using 2.3 \u03bcm tunable diode lasers","volume":"20","author":"Chao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Tech"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehe, S.D., Baer, D.S., and Hanson, R.K. (1997, January 6\u20139). Tunable diode-laser absorption measurements of temperature, velocity, and H2O in hypervelocity flows. Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1997-3267"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehe, S.D., Baer, D.S., and Hanson, R.K. (1998, January 15\u201318). Measurements of gas temperature and velocity in hypervelocity flows using diode-laser sensors. Albuquerque, NM, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1998-2699"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013","article-title":"The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database","volume":"110","author":"Rothman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Meyers, J. (2009). Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy characterisation of impulse hypervelocity CO2 flows, Ph.D. Thesis,."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Charbonnier, J.M., Paris, S., and Dieudonn\u00e9, W. (1997, January 4\u20136). Extensions of the operating domain of the VKI longshot tunnel to the use of testing gases with various \u03b3 values. 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Marseille, France."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/6\/6081\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:43Z","timestamp":1760220163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/6\/6081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,17]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s100606081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100606081","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,17]]}}}