{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T21:25:22Z","timestamp":1761427522524,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]],"date-time":"2010-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The distribution of temperature and voltage of a fuel cell are key factors that influence performance. Conventional sensors are normally large, and are also useful only for making external measurements of fuel cells. Centimeter-scale sensors for making invasive measurements are frequently unable to accurately measure the interior changes of a fuel cell. This work focuses mainly on fabricating flexible multi-functional microsensors (for temperature and voltage) to measure variations in the local temperature and voltage of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) that are based on micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). The power density at 0.5 V without a sensor is 450 mW\/cm2, and that with a sensor is 426 mW\/cm2. Since the reaction area of a fuel cell with a sensor is approximately 12% smaller than that without a sensor, but the performance of the former is only 5% worse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100706395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]],"date-time":"2010-06-29T11:17:05Z","timestamp":1277810225000},"page":"6395-6405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["In-situ Monitoring of Internal Local Temperature and Voltage of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chi-Yuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Wei-Yuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Wei-Jung","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.05.021","article-title":"Thin film temperature sensor for real-time measurement of electrolyte temperature in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell","volume":"125","author":"Mench","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2007.07.032","article-title":"In situ diagnosis of micrometallic proton exchange membrane fuel cells using microsensors","volume":"172","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2005.08.012","article-title":"Temperature distribution on the MEA surface of a PEMFC with serpentine channel flow bed","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.07.003","article-title":"In situ investigation of water transport in an operating PEM fuel cell using neutron radiography: Part 1\u2014Experimental method and serpentine flow field results","volume":"49","author":"Trabold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.07.004","article-title":"In situ investigation of water transport in an operating PEM fuel cell using neutron radiography: Part 2\u2014Transient water accumulation in an interdigitated cathode flow field","volume":"49","author":"Owejan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.03.021","article-title":"In-fibre Bragg grating sensors for distributed temperature measurement in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell","volume":"192","author":"David","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2004.10.003","article-title":"Current density distribution in PEFC","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2008.07.035","article-title":"Experimental and numerical studies of local current mapping on a PEM fuel cell","volume":"33","author":"Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2005.09.046","article-title":"A novel technique for measuring current distributions in PEM fuel cells","volume":"158","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2008.10.074","article-title":"Comparison of current distributions in proton exchange membrane fuel cells with interdigitated and serpentine flow fields","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2007.06.025","article-title":"Optimization of parametric performance of a PEMFC","volume":"32","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2008.02.036","article-title":"Optimization of structural combinations on the performance of a PEMFC\u2019s MEA","volume":"180","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.05.004","article-title":"Fabrication of micro sensors on a flexible substrate","volume":"147","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. 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Sensor technology handbook, Butterworth-Heinemann."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/7\/6395\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:48Z","timestamp":1760220168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/7\/6395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s100706395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100706395","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]]}}}