{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T04:40:13Z","timestamp":1773463213845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,9]],"date-time":"2010-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1278633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an optimum design of a lightweight vehicle levitation electromagnet, which also provides a passive guide force in a magnetic levitation system for contactless delivery applications. The split alignment of C-shaped electromagnets about C-shaped rails has a bad effect on the lateral deviation force, therefore, no-split positioning of electromagnets is better for lateral performance. This is verified by simulations and experiments. This paper presents a statistically optimized design with a high number of the design variables to reduce the weight of the electromagnet under the constraint of normal force using response surface methodology (RSM) and the kriging interpolation method. 2D and 3D magnetostatic analysis of the electromagnet are performed using ANSYS. The most effective design variables are extracted by a Pareto chart. The most desirable set is determined and the influence of each design variable on the objective function can be obtained. The generalized reduced gradient (GRG) algorithm is adopted in the kriging model. This paper\u2019s procedure is validated by a comparison between experimental and calculation results, which shows that the predicted performance of the electromagnet designed by RSM is in good agreement with the simulation results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100706718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,9]],"date-time":"2010-07-09T11:39:55Z","timestamp":1278675595000},"page":"6718-6729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Electromagnet Weight Reduction in a Magnetic Levitation System for Contactless Delivery Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Do-Kwan","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Motor Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Boolmosangil 70, Changwon, 641-120, Korea"}]},{"given":"Byung-Chul","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Motor Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Boolmosangil 70, Changwon, 641-120, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dae-Hyun","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Motor Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Boolmosangil 70, Changwon, 641-120, Korea"}]},{"given":"Ki-Chang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Motor Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Boolmosangil 70, Changwon, 641-120, Korea"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"D\u2019Arrigo, A, and Rufer, A (2000, January 7\u201310). Integrated electromagnetic levitation and guidance system for the swissmetro project. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1109\/20.334204","article-title":"Optimal design of the electromagnetic levitation with permanent and electro magnets","volume":"30","author":"Tzeng","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1109\/20.179797","article-title":"Design and analysis of electromagnetic system in a magnetically levitated vehicle, KOMAG-01","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1109\/20.250751","article-title":"Optimal design of hybrid magnet in Maglev system with both permanent and electromagnets","volume":"29","author":"Onuki","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2006.892238","article-title":"Optimum design of TFLM with constraints for weight reduction using characteristic function","volume":"43","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"12","article-title":"Robust optimization design of overhead crane with constraint using the characteristic functions","volume":"7","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Precision Eng. Manuf"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kim, JM, Lee, SH, and Choi, YK (2006, January 6\u201310). Decentralized H\u221e control of Maglev systems. Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1243\/09544070JAUTO403","article-title":"Structural optimization of an automotive door using the kriging interpolation method","volume":"221","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. D J. Automobile Eng"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Guinta, A, and Watson, L (, January September). A comparison of approximation modeling techniques polynomial versus interpolating models. Saint Louis, MO, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/7\/6718\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:53Z","timestamp":1760220173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/7\/6718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,9]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s100706718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100706718","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,9]]}}}