{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T07:40:15Z","timestamp":1771054815152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work reports on the development of a Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT) bulk ferroelectric poled ceramic structure as a Piezoelectric Plethysmograph (PZPG) sensor. The ceramic was implanted during its fabrication with a platinum (Pt) wire which works as an internal electrode. The ceramic was then submitted to an experimental setup in order to validate and determine the Pt-wire mechanical effects. This PZPG sensor was also mounted on a finger splint in order to measure the blood flow that results from the pulsations of blood occurring with each heartbeat. Fingertip pulses were recorded jointly with an ECG signal from a 25 year old male to compare the time shift; the PZPG sensor guarantees the electrical isolation of the patient. The proposed PZPG has several advantages: it can be adjusted for fingertip measurements, but it can easily be extended by means of spare bands, therefore making possible PZPG measurements from different body locations, e.g., forehead, forearm, knee, neck, etc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T11:15:59Z","timestamp":1280402159000},"page":"7146-7156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Piezoelectric Plethysmograph Sensor Based on a Pt Wire Implanted Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate Bulk Ceramic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Carlos O.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Electrical Engineering Department, Bioelectronics Section. Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, M\u00e9xico D.F., Mexico"}]},{"given":"J.J. Agust\u00edn","family":"Flores-Cuautle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Electrical Engineering Department, Bioelectronics Section. Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, M\u00e9xico D.F., Mexico"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Suaste-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Electrical Engineering Department, Bioelectronics Section. Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, M\u00e9xico D.F., Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1970.tb12105.x-i1","article-title":"Hot-Pressed (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti) O3 Ferroelectric Ceramics for Electrooptic Applications","volume":"54","author":"Haertling","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Suaste-Gomez, E, and Flores-Cuautle, JJA (2008, January August). Behavior of the Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Constants and Curie Temperature Pt-Implanted Modified BaTiO3, KNbO3, PbZrO3, Pb0.88LN0.08Ti0.98Mn0.02O3 (LN = La, Eu) Ceramics. Cancun, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touloukian, YS, Powell, RW, Ho, CY, and Klemens, PG (1970). Thermal Conductivity: Metallic Elements and Alloys, IFI\/Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9600-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bladel, J, and Van Bladel, JG (2007). Electromagnetic Fields, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed].","DOI":"10.1002\/047012458X"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ganong, WF (2005). Review of Medical Physiology, McGraw-Hill Medical. [22nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Caro, C (1978). The Mechanics of the Circulation, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, JG (2001). Minimally Invasive Medical Technology, Francis & Taylor. [1st ed].","DOI":"10.1887\/0750307331"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/00150190903412564","article-title":"Developed and Experimental Evidence of A Ceramic-Controlled Piezoelectric Bulk Implanted with Pt Wire Based on PLZT","volume":"392","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Uchino, K (2000). Ferroelectric Devices, Marcel Dekker. [1st ed]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"8","article-title":"Optical Non-Invasive Monitoring of Skin Blood Pulsations","volume":"44","author":"Janis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2042953","article-title":"Opacity Sensor Based on Photovoltaic Effect of Ferroelectric PLZT Ceramic With Pt Wire Implant","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/8\/7146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:03:01Z","timestamp":1760220181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/8\/7146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s100807146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100807146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]]}}}