{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:48:20Z","timestamp":1761662900845,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,23]],"date-time":"2010-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1282521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a non invasive method for estimating the energy efficiency of induction motors used in industrial applications. This method is innovative because it is only based on the measurement of the external field emitted by the motor. The paper describes the sensors used, how they should be placed around the machine in order to decouple the external field components generated by both the air gap flux and the winding end-windings. The study emphasizes the influence of the eddy currents flowing in the yoke frame on the sensor position. A method to estimate the torque from the external field use is proposed. The measurements are transmitted by a wireless module (Zig-Bee) and they are centralized and stored on a PC computer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,23]],"date-time":"2010-08-23T11:09:05Z","timestamp":1282561745000},"page":"7874-7895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Non Invasive Sensors for Monitoring the Efficiency of AC Electrical Rotating Machines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Farid","family":"Zidat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"UArtois, LSEE, F-62400 B\u00e9thune, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Lecointe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"UArtois, LSEE, F-62400 B\u00e9thune, France"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Morganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"UArtois, LSEE, F-62400 B\u00e9thune, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Brudny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"UArtois, LSEE, F-62400 B\u00e9thune, France"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Jacq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EDF-R&D-D\u00e9partement THEMIS Groupe R25, F-92141 Clamart Cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Streiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADEME-SEET Department-20, Av. Du Gr\u00e9sill\u00e9 BP 90406, F-49004 Angers Cedex 01, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Millet, B (2009, January 14\u201317). French Industry: Potential of Energy Saving in Electrical Motors. Nantes, France."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European commission Available online: http:\/\/re.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/energyefficiency\/motorchallenge\/pdf\/MOTOR-EN.pdf (Accessed on 23 March 2010)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ansel, A, Walti, O, and Brudny, JF (2000, January 28\u201330). Influence of Copper Pressure Die Casting on Induction Machine Bahaviour. Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2008.930360","article-title":"Energy-efficient Motors","volume":"2","author":"Boglietti","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirtley, JL, Cowie, JG, Brush, EF, Peters, DT, and Kimmich, R (2007, January 24\u201328). Improving Induction Motor Efficiency with Die-cast Copper Rotor Cages. Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2007.385767"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Brudny, JF, Cassoret, B, Lemaitre, R, and Vincent, JN (2009). Magnetic Core and Use of Magnetic Core for Electrical Machines, International Patent, PCT\/EP2008\/061884,."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2009.2023243","article-title":"Grain Oriented Steel Assembly Characterization for the Development of High Efficiency AC Rotating Electrical Machines","volume":"45","author":"Lopez","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jannot, X, Vannier, JC, Marchand, C, Gabsi, M, Saint-Michel, J, and Sadarnac, D (2009, January 9\u201312). Analytical Computation of IPMSM Air Gap Magnetic Flux Density and Electrical Parameters Considering Space Harmonics. Arras, France."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Jacq, T (2009, January 14\u201317). Devices Multi-Sensors (D.M.S.) for Electric Motors. Nantes, France."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.3390\/s8085005","article-title":"Wireless and Powerless Sensing Node System Developed for Monitoring Motors","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hedayati K\u2019ia, S, Henao, H, and Capolino, GA (2008, January 6\u20139). Non-Stationary Condition Tensional Vibration Monitoring Using Induction Machine Electromagnetic Torque Estimation. Vilmoura, Portugal. ID: 1449."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1109\/20.582702","article-title":"Some Aspects of Torque Calculations in Electrical Machines","volume":"33","author":"Salon","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, DA, Silveira, AWFV, Severino, PB, and Tavares, TS (2007, January 3\u20135). DSP Based Torque Estimation in Three-phase Cage Induction Motors. Antalya, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMDC.2007.383691"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2010.2049005","article-title":"Use of the External Magnetic Field for Induction Machine Leakage Inductance Discrimination","volume":"46","author":"Brudny","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2002.1003431","article-title":"Evaluation of Different Analytical and Semi-analytical Methods for the Design of ELF Magnetic Field Shields","volume":"38","author":"Canova","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romary, R, Roger, D, and Brudny, JF (2010). Analytical Computation of an AC Machine External Magnetic Field. Eur Phys J-Appl Phys, 47.","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap\/2009102"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap:2008064","article-title":"Wide Frequency Range Analysis of the Electromagnetic Emissions of Electrical Machines","volume":"43","author":"Romary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J-Appl. Phys"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7785","DOI":"10.3390\/s91007785","article-title":"Resonant Magnetic Field Sensors Based on MEMS Technology","volume":"9","author":"Manjarrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap:2005079","article-title":"Induction Machine Fault Diagnosis Using an External Radial Flux Sensor","volume":"32","author":"Romary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J-Appl. Phys"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zidat, F, Lecointe, JP, Morganti, F, Brudny, JF, Jacq, T, and Streiff, F (2010, January 4\u20137). Conception of an Autonomous Cell for the Energy Consumption Diagnosis of AC Rotating Machines. Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2010.5637985"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2003.816531","article-title":"A Frequency-domain of Stator Winding Faults in Induction Machines Using an External Flux Sensor","volume":"39","author":"Henao","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1109\/60.368345","article-title":"Detection and Location of Interturn Short Circuit in the Stator Windings of Operating Motors","volume":"9","author":"Penman","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Conv"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/8\/7874\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:03:12Z","timestamp":1760220192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/8\/7874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,23]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s100807874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s100807874","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,23]]}}}