{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:47:03Z","timestamp":1774583223979,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,2]],"date-time":"2010-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant transpiration is considered one of the most important physiological functions because it constitutes the plants evolving adaptation to exchange moisture with a dry atmosphere which can dehydrate or eventually kill the plant. Due to the importance of transpiration, accurate measurement methods are required; therefore, a smart sensor that fuses five primary sensors is proposed which can measure air temperature, leaf temperature, air relative humidity, plant out relative humidity and ambient light. A field programmable gate array based unit is used to perform signal processing algorithms as average decimation and infinite impulse response filters to the primary sensor readings in order to reduce the signal noise and improve its quality. Once the primary sensor readings are filtered, transpiration dynamics such as: transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf-air-temperature-difference and vapor pressure deficit are calculated in real time by the smart sensor. This permits the user to observe different primary and calculated measurements at the same time and the relationship between these which is very useful in precision agriculture in the detection of abnormal conditions. Finally, transpiration related stress conditions can be detected in real time because of the use of online processing and embedded communications capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s100908316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,19]],"date-time":"2010-09-19T09:41:46Z","timestamp":1284889306000},"page":"8316-8331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["FPGA-based Fused Smart Sensor for Real-Time Plant-Transpiration Dynamic Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jesus Roberto","family":"Millan-Almaraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Ingenieria de Biosistemas, Division de Investigacion y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s\/n, 76010, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3192-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rene de Jesus","family":"Romero-Troncoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSPdigital-CA Telematica, DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carr. Salamanca-Valle km 3.5+1.8, Palo Blanco, 36885 Salamanca, Gto., Mexico"}]},{"given":"Ramon Gerardo","family":"Guevara-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Ingenieria de Biosistemas, Division de Investigacion y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s\/n, 76010, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico"}]},{"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Contreras-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Ingenieria de Biosistemas, Division de Investigacion y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s\/n, 76010, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico"},{"name":"HSPdigital-CA Mecatronica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Campus San Juan del Rio, Rio Moctezuma 249, 76807 San Juan del Rio, Qro., Mexico"}]},{"given":"Roberto Valentin","family":"Carrillo-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division de Investigacion y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s\/n, 76010, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0868-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roque Alfredo","family":"Osornio-Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSPdigital-CA Mecatronica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Campus San Juan del Rio, Rio Moctezuma 249, 76807 San Juan del Rio, Qro., Mexico"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Duarte-Galvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Ingenieria de Biosistemas, Division de Investigacion y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s\/n, 76010, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Rios-Alcaraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Ingenieria de Biosistemas, Division de Investigacion y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s\/n, 76010, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico"}]},{"given":"Irineo","family":"Torres-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Ingenieria de Biosistemas, Division de Investigacion y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s\/n, 76010, Queretaro, Qro., Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Taiz, L, and Zeiger, E (2006). 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