{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:04:57Z","timestamp":1774364697291,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An improved classification of Orthosiphon stamineus using a data fusion technique is presented. Five different commercial sources along with freshly prepared samples were discriminated using an electronic nose (e-nose) and an electronic tongue (e-tongue). Samples from the different commercial brands were evaluated by the e-tongue and then followed by the e-nose. Applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) separately on the respective e-tongue and e-nose data, only five distinct groups were projected. However, by employing a low level data fusion technique, six distinct groupings were achieved. Hence, this technique can enhance the ability of PCA to analyze the complex samples of Orthosiphon stamineus. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was then used to further validate and classify the samples. It was found that the LDA performance was also improved when the responses from the e-nose and e-tongue were fused together.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s101008782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T09:07:13Z","timestamp":1285664833000},"page":"8782-8796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Improved Classification of Orthosiphon stamineus by Data Fusion of Electronic Nose and Tongue Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ammar","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ali Yeon Md.","family":"Shakaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Abdul Hamid","family":"Adom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"MohdNoor","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Maz Jamilah","family":"Masnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Abdul Hallis Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Nazifah Ahmad","family":"Fikri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Abu Hassan","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Latifah Munirah","family":"Kamarudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Technology and Applications Group (STAG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"342","article-title":"Fusion of three sensory modalities for the multimodal characterization of red wines","volume":"4","author":"Mendez","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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