{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:49:56Z","timestamp":1767707396983,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,8]],"date-time":"2010-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1286496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an experimental method to characterise magnetic laminations in the direction normal to the sheet plane. The principle, which is based on a static excitation to avoid planar eddy currents, is explained and specific test benches are proposed. Measurements of the flux density are made with a sensor moving in and out of an air-gap. A simple analytical model is derived in order to determine the permeability in the normal direction. The experimental results for grain oriented steel sheets are presented and a comparison is provided with values obtained from literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s101009053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,8]],"date-time":"2010-10-08T11:41:49Z","timestamp":1286538109000},"page":"9053-9064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Experimental Method for Characterizing Electrical Steel Sheets in the Normal Direction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nabil","family":"Hihat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"UArtois, LSEE, F-62400 B\u00e9thune, France"}]},{"given":"Jean Philippe","family":"Lecointe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"UArtois, LSEE, F-62400 B\u00e9thune, France"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Duchesne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"UArtois, LSEE, F-62400 B\u00e9thune, France"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Napieralska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"UArtois, LSEE, F-62400 B\u00e9thune, France"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Belgrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel (TKES), F-62330 Isbergues, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2006.871380","article-title":"A new nonlinear anisotropic model for soft magnetic materials","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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Mat"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-8853(82)90189-5","article-title":"Magnetics properties of laminated steel sheet for normal fluxes","volume":"26","author":"Yagisawa","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mat"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-8853(94)90520-7","article-title":"Characteristics of transformer core material for flux normal to the sheet plane","volume":"133","author":"Booth","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mat"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1109\/20.312511","article-title":"Three-dimensional flux distribution in transformer core as a function of package design","volume":"30","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Specification for grain-oriented magnetic steel sheet and strip. IEC 404-8-7, Section 7, 1988."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1109\/20.141298","article-title":"Anisotropy of demagnetization in rectangular electrical sheet samples placed in a stationary magnetic field","volume":"28","author":"Soinski","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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