{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T16:51:53Z","timestamp":1761929513331,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we describe a fast, specialized hardware implementation of the belief propagation algorithm for the CAFADIS camera, a new plenoptic sensor patented by the University of La Laguna. This camera captures the lightfield of the scene and can be used to find out at which depth each pixel is in focus. The algorithm has been designed for FPGA devices using VHDL. We propose a parallel and pipeline architecture to implement the algorithm without external memory. Although the BRAM resources of the device increase considerably, we can maintain real-time restrictions by using extremely high-performance signal processing capability through parallelism and by accessing several memories simultaneously. The quantifying results with 16 bit precision have shown that performances are really close to the original Matlab programmed algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s101009194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T10:51:19Z","timestamp":1287139879000},"page":"9194-9210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Design of Belief Propagation Based on FPGA for the Multistereo CAFADIS Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Magdaleno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Fundamental y Experimental, Electr\u00f3nica y Sistemas, University of La Laguna, Avd. Francisco Sanchez s\/n, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jon\u00e1s Philipp","family":"L\u00fcke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Fundamental y Experimental, Electr\u00f3nica y Sistemas, University of La Laguna, Avd. Francisco Sanchez s\/n, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Fundamental y Experimental, Electr\u00f3nica y Sistemas, University of La Laguna, Avd. Francisco Sanchez s\/n, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Fundamental y Experimental, Electr\u00f3nica y Sistemas, University of La Laguna, Avd. Francisco Sanchez s\/n, 38203 La Laguna, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"I-261","article-title":"Efficient Belief Propagation for Early Vision","volume":"1","author":"Felzenszwalb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Vision Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.200","article-title":"Convergent Tree-Reweighted Message Passing for Energy Minimization","volume":"28","author":"Kolmogorov","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70844","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Energy Minimization Methods for Markov Random Fields with Smoothness-Based Priors","volume":"30","author":"Szeliski","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"L\u00fcke, JP, Marichal-Hern\u00e1ndez, JG, Rosa, F, and Rodr\u00edguez-Ramos, JM (, January May). A Prototype of Real-Time a Single Lens 3D Camera. To, Japan."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ng, R (, January July). Fourier Slice Photography. Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, F, Marichal, JG, and Rodr\u00edguez-Ramos, JM (2008, January August). The Discrete Focal Stack Transform. Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lumsdaine, A, and Georgiev, T (2008). Full Resolution Lightfield Rendering, Adobe Tech Report, Adobe Systems, Inc."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Marichal-Hern\u00e1ndez, JG, L\u00fcke, JP, Rosa, F, P\u00e9rez, F, and Rodr\u00edguez-Ramos, JM (, January May). Fast Approximate Focal Stack Transform. Potsdam, Germany."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, F, and L\u00fcke, JP (, January May). 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