{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:21:19Z","timestamp":1773044479477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,2]],"date-time":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work explores the alternative use of noble metal nanowire systems in large-scale array configurations to exploit both the nanowires\u2019 conductive nature and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The first known nanowire-based system has been constructed, with which optical signals are influenced by the simultaneous application of electrochemical potentials. Optical characterization of nanowire arrays was performed by measuring the bulk refractive index sensitivity and the limit of detection. The formation of an electrical double layer was controlled in NaCl solutions to study the effect of local refractive index changes on the spectral response. Resonance peak shifts of over 4 nm, a bulk refractive index sensitivity up to 115 nm\/RIU and a limit of detection as low as 4.5 \u00d7 10\u22124 RIU were obtained for gold nanowire arrays. Simulations with the Multiple Multipole Program (MMP) confirm such bulk refractive index sensitivities. Initial experiments demonstrated successful optical biosensing using a novel form of particle-based nanowire arrays. In addition, the formation of an ionic layer (Stern-layer) upon applying an electrochemical potential was also monitored by the shift of the plasmon resonance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s101109808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,2]],"date-time":"2010-11-02T12:15:10Z","timestamp":1288700110000},"page":"9808-9830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Optical Sensing with Simultaneous Electrochemical Control in Metal Nanowire Arrays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Fraschina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Sannomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Vaida","family":"Auzelyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Micro-\/Nano-technology, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Janos","family":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3390\/s80314000","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors\u2014Sensor principles and architectures","volume":"8","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00103-5","article-title":"Optical grating coupler biosensors","volume":"23","author":"Ramsden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Quartz crystal microbalance: A useful tool for studying thin polymer films and complexes biomolecular systems at the solution-surface interface","volume":"4","author":"Marx","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bio. Macromol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2009.06.003","article-title":"Nanostructure-based electrical biosensors","volume":"4","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200503449","article-title":"Nanowire-based electrochemical biosensors","volume":"18","author":"Wanekaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802292h","article-title":"Integratable nanowire transistors","volume":"8","author":"Quitoriano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200803754","article-title":"Silicon nanowires: A review on aspects of their growth and their electrical properties","volume":"21","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0709017","article-title":"Surface charge sensitivity of silicon nanowires: Size dependence","volume":"7","author":"Elfstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1021\/nl801693k","article-title":"Label-free electronic detection of the antigen-specific t-cell immune response","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/16\/12\/037","article-title":"Electrical characterization of single GaN nanowires","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801994105","article-title":"Large-scale, heterogeneous integration of nanowire arrays for image sensor circuitry","volume":"105","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1021\/nl071180e","article-title":"Multisegment nanowire sensors for the detection of DNA molecules","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1021\/nl080366q","article-title":"TiO2 nanowire bundle microelectrode based impedance immunosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s, J, de Micheli, G, Leblebici, Y, and Gijs, M (2009). Nanosystems Design and Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0255-9"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061808q","article-title":"Silicon nanowire arrays for label-free detection of DNA","volume":"79","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FD30","DOI":"10.1116\/1.3027483","article-title":"Nanoplasmonic biosensing with focus on short-range ordered nanoholes in thin metal films","volume":"3","author":"Jonsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.1021\/la9042342","article-title":"Electrochemistry on a localized surface plasmon resonance sensor","volume":"26","author":"Sannomiya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802317d","article-title":"In situ Sensing of single binding events by localized surface plasmon resonance","volume":"8","author":"Sannomiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200400271","article-title":"Exploitation of localized surface plasmon resonance","volume":"16","author":"Hutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1404425","article-title":"Optical properties of Ag and Au nanowire gratings","volume":"90","author":"Schider","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1021\/nn700438a","article-title":"Tunable electrochemical switch of the optical properties of metallic nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Leroux","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8484","DOI":"10.1021\/jp901408w","article-title":"Electrical control of plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles using electrochemical oxidation","volume":"113","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14664","DOI":"10.1021\/ja905216h","article-title":"Electrochemical Charging of Single Gold Nanorods","volume":"131","author":"Novo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1021\/la9502711","article-title":"Surface plasmon spectroscopy of nanosized metal particles","volume":"12","author":"Mulvaney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1021\/la960863z","article-title":"Spectroelectrochemistry of colloidal silver","volume":"13","author":"Ung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3382","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.003382","article-title":"Profile effect on the feasibility of extinction-based localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors with metallic nanowires","volume":"45","author":"Byun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2008.192","article-title":"In-situ electrical addressing of one-dimensional gold nanoparticle assemblies","volume":"8","author":"Blech","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, YL, Li, CT, and Chii, DC (2007). Assembly of nanoparticle patterns with single-particle resolution using DNA-Mediated charge trapping technique: method and applications. Adv Funct Mater, 3182\u20133186.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200601180"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auzelyte, V, Dais, C, Farquet, P, Grutzmacher, D, Heyderman, LJ, Luo, F, Olliges, S, Padeste, C, Sahoo, PK, Thomson, T, Turchanin, A, David, C, and Solak, HH (2009). Extreme ultraviolet interference lithography at the Paul Scherrer Institut. J Micro-Nanolithogr MEMS MOEMS, 8.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3116559"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2008.01.064","article-title":"Large area arrays of metal nanowires","volume":"85","author":"Auzelyte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200305182","article-title":"A combined photolithographic and molecular-assembly approach to produce functional micropatterns for applications in the biosciences","volume":"14","author":"Falconnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/15\/155306","article-title":"Nanopatterning of gold colloids for label-free biosensing","volume":"18","author":"Stadler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1021\/la800305j","article-title":"Shape- and size-dependent refractive index sensitivity of gold nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0701612","article-title":"Sensing characteristics of NIR localized surface plasmon resonances in gold nanorings for application as ultrasensitive biosensors","volume":"7","author":"Larsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0361327","article-title":"A nanoscale optical biosensor: The long range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles","volume":"108","author":"Haes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys.Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.6.4370","article-title":"Optical constants of the noble metals","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.03.021","article-title":"Sensing capability of the localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanorods","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bios. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.200743165","article-title":"Boundary methods for optical nano structures","volume":"244","author":"Hafner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Phys"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1021\/jp036261n","article-title":"Nanoscale optical biosensor: Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles","volume":"108","author":"Haes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802317d","article-title":"In situ sensing of single binding events by localized surface plasmon resonance","volume":"10","author":"Sannomiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1021\/la010913m","article-title":"Biotin-Derivatized Poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol): A novel polymeric interface for bioaffinity sensing","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butt, HJ, Graf, K, and Kappl, M (2003). Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces, Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/3527602313"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7765(99)00029-6","article-title":"The DLVO theory in microbial adhesion","volume":"14","author":"Hermansson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Colloid. Surfaces B: Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Israelachvili, J (1998). Intermolecular & Surface Forces, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Lide, D (2007). CRC. [88th ed]. (Crc Handbook of Chemistry and Physics);."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(00)00415-0","article-title":"A multi-technique study of compact and hydrous Au oxide growth in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solutions","volume":"500","author":"Xia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R171","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/39\/10\/R01","article-title":"Nanolithography with coherent extreme ultraviolet light","volume":"39","author":"Solak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1021\/ja972332i","article-title":"One-pot colorimetric differentiation of polynucleotides with single base imperfections using gold nanoparticle probes","volume":"120","author":"Storhoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/11\/9808\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:03:45Z","timestamp":1760220225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/11\/9808"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s101109808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s101109808","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,2]]}}}