{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:39:14Z","timestamp":1760243954577,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,24]],"date-time":"2010-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1290556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, an optimal and robust design method to implement a two-chip out-of-plane microaccelerometer system is presented. The two-chip microsystem consists of a MEMS chip for sensing the external acceleration and a CMOS chip for signal processing. An optimized design method to determine the device thickness, the sacrificial gap, and the vertical gap length of the M EMS sensing element is applied to minimize the fundamental noise level and also to achieve the robustness to the fabrication variations. In order to cancel out the offset and gain variations due to parasitic capacitances and process variations, a digitally trimmable architecture consisting of an 11 bit capacitor array is adopted in the analog front-end of the CMOS capacitive readout circuit. The out-of-plane microaccelerometer has the scale factor of 372 mV\/g~389 mV\/g, the output nonlinearity of 0.43% FSO~0.60% FSO, the input range of \u00b12 g and a bias instability of 122 \u03bcg~229 \u03bcg. The signal-to-noise ratio and the noise equivalent resolution are measured to be74.00 dB~75.23 dB and 180 \u03bcg\/rtHz~190 \u03bcg\/rtHz, respectively. The in-plane cross-axis sensitivities are measured to be 1.1%~1.9% and 0.3%~0.7% of the out-of-plane sensitivity, respectively. The results show that the optimal and robust design method for the MEMS sensing element and the highly trimmable capacity of the CMOS capacitive readout circuit are suitable to enhance the die-to-die uniformity of the packaged microsystem, without compromising the performance characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s101210524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,24]],"date-time":"2010-11-24T09:33:17Z","timestamp":1290591197000},"page":"10524-10544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optimal and Robust Design Method for Two-Chip Out-of-Plane Microaccelerometers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sangmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI)\/Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea\/Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-019, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5348-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyoungho","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea"}]},{"given":"Byoungdoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI)\/Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea\/Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-019, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8040-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-il Dan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI)\/Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea\/Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-019, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-4247(90)85060-H","article-title":"A review of low cost accelerometers for vehicle dynamics","volume":"21","author":"Macdonald","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sens Actuat\u2013A Phys"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"de Coulon, Y, Smith, T, Hermann, J, Chevroulet, M, and Rudolf, F (1993, January June). 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