{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:40:12Z","timestamp":1760244012279,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]],"date-time":"2010-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) designed for mission-critical applications suffer from limited sensing capacities, particularly fast energy depletion. Regarding this, mobile sinks can be used to balance the energy consumption in WSNs, but the frequent location updates of the mobile sinks can lead to data collisions and rapid energy consumption for some specific sensors. This paper explores an optimal barrier coverage based sensor deployment for event driven WSNs where a dual-sink model was designed to evaluate the energy performance of not only static sensors, but Static Sink (SS) and Mobile Sinks (MSs) simultaneously, based on parameters such as sensor transmission range r and the velocity of the mobile sink v, etc. Moreover, a MS mobility model was developed to enable SS and MSs to effectively collaborate, while achieving spatiotemporal energy performance efficiency by using the knowledge of the cumulative density function (cdf), Poisson process and M\/G\/1 queue. The simulation results verified that the improved energy performance of the whole network was demonstrated clearly and our eDSA algorithm is more efficient than the static-sink model, reducing energy consumption approximately in half. Moreover, we demonstrate that our results are robust to realistic sensing models and also validate the correctness of our results through extensive simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s101210876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]],"date-time":"2010-12-02T12:49:51Z","timestamp":1291294191000},"page":"10876-10895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Modeling the Energy Performance of Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Network by Using Static Sink and Mobile Sink"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jiehui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global COE Program International Research and Education Center for Ambient SoC, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Global Information and Telecommunication Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mariam B.","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Global Information and Telecommunication Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mitsuji","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Global Information and Telecommunication Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cardei, M, and Wu, J (2004). Handbook of Sensor Networks: Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems, CRC Press LLC."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Meguerdichian, S, Koushanfar, F, Potkonjak, M, and Srivastava, MB Worst and best-case coverage in sensor networks. Los Alamitos, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2003.1204831","article-title":"Coverage in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, JH, Kim, CS, and Song, F (2010, January 12\u201314). A Distributed Clustering Algorithm for Voronoi Cell-based Large Scale Wireless Sensor Network. Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CMC.2010.230"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W, Chandrakashan, A, and Balakrishnan, H An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. Rolla, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MONE.0000048542.38105.99","article-title":"Dynamic coverage in ad-hoc sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mobile Networks and Applications"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Gaotao, S, and Liao, MH (2008, January 26). Exploiting sink movement for energy-efficient load-balancing in wireless sensor networks. Hongkong SAR, China."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Luo, J, and Hubaux, JP (2005, January 13\u201317). Joint mobility and routing for lifetime elongation in wireless sensor networks. Miami, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, DL, Chen, MX, Chen, CF, and Ma, J (2008, January 17\u201319). A Patrol Grid Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network. Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.WICON2008.4861"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ye, F, Luo, HY, Cheng, J, Lu, SW, and Zhang, LX A two-tier data disseminication model for large scale wireless sensor networks. Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cheng, L, Gao, JN, Chen, CF, Chen, HY, Ma, J, and Joanna, IS (2,, January June). Cooperative Contention-Based Forwarding for Wireless Sensor Networks. Caen, France."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B, Xie, DL, Chen, CF, Ma, J, and Cheng, SD (2008, January 19\u201323). Deploying Multiple Mobile Sinks in Event-Driven WSNs. Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2008.437"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Chen, CF, and Ma, J (2006, January 18\u201320). MEMOSEN: Multi-radio Enabled MObile Wireless SEnsor Network. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, L, Chen, YM, Chen, CF, and Ma, J (2009, January 21\u201324). Query-Based Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sinks. Leipzig, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/1582379.1582633"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Biao, R, Ma, J, and Chen, CF (2006, January 3\u20136). The Hybrid Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks for Data Gathering. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, CF, Ma, J, and Salomaa, J (2008, January 17\u201320). Simulation study of cluster based data dissemination for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks. Phoenix Park, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2008.4493751"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wang, Y, and Wu, HY DFT-MSN: The Delay\/Fault-Tolerant Mobile Sensor Network for Pervasive Information Gathering. Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B, Xie, DL, Chen, CF, Ma, J, and Shiduan, C (2008, January 11\u201314). Employing Mobile Sink in Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks. Marina Bay, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2008.51"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-008-0181-5","article-title":"Adaptive location updates for mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wang, W, Srinivasan, V, and Chua, K-C Using mobile relays to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cologne, Germany."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Heinzelman, WR, Chandrakasan, A, and Balakrishnan, H (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks. Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Thrasyvoulos, S, Konstantinos, P, and Cauligi, R (2006, January 22\u201325). Performance analysis of mobility-assisted routing. Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, HY, Shi, QJ, Tan, R, Poor, HV, and Sezaki, K Mobile element assisted cooperative localization for wireless sensor networks with obstacles. IEEE Trans Wireless Comm, 9, 956\u2013963.","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.03.090706"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/12\/10876\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:03:59Z","timestamp":1760220239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/12\/10876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s101210876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s101210876","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]}}}