{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:32:34Z","timestamp":1774265554981,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]],"date-time":"2010-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the current challenges in medicine is monitoring the patients\u2019 depth of general anaesthesia (DGA). Accurate assessment of the depth of anaesthesia contributes to tailoring drug administration to the individual patient, thus preventing awareness or excessive anaesthetic depth and improving patients\u2019 outcomes. In the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of studies on the development, comparison and validation of commercial devices that estimate the DGA by analyzing electrical activity of the brain (i.e., evoked potentials or brain waves). In this paper we review the most frequently used sensors and mathematical methods for monitoring the DGA, their validation in clinical practice and discuss the central question of whether these approaches can, compared to other conventional methods, reduce the risk of patient awareness during surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s101210896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]],"date-time":"2010-12-03T10:54:30Z","timestamp":1291373670000},"page":"10896-10935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Monitoring the Depth of Anaesthesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bojan","family":"Musizza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Control, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute\/Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Samo","family":"Ribaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana\/Zalo\u0161ka 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149213","article-title":"Consciousness and anesthesia","volume":"322","author":"Alkire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1991.tb11677.x","article-title":"Incidence of awareness with recall during general anaesthesia","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)11010-9","article-title":"Awareness during anaesthesia: A prospective study","volume":"355","author":"Sandin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16300-9","article-title":"Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: The B-Aware randomised controlled trial","volume":"363","author":"Myles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000130261.90896.6C","article-title":"The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study","volume":"99","author":"Sebel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anest Analg"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"S95","article-title":"An analysis of intraoperative recall of awareness in Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI Study)","volume":"88","author":"Rungreungvanich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199708000-00027","article-title":"Learning and memory during general anaesthesia, an update","volume":"87","author":"Ghoneim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009001000011","article-title":"Mortality in anesthesia: A systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Braz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2007.04.004","article-title":"Prevention of awareness during anaesthesia","volume":"21","author":"Myles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000068580.00245.95","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"97","author":"Gan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199805000-00035","article-title":"Awareness with recall during general anesthesia: incidence and risk factors","volume":"86","author":"Ranta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anest Analg"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1996.tb04487.x","article-title":"Recall of awareness during cardiac anaesthesia: influence of feedback information to the anesthesiologist","volume":"40","author":"Ranta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100528","article-title":"The Australian Incident Monitoring Study. 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