{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T02:58:54Z","timestamp":1767927534499,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]],"date-time":"2010-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conducting polymer 3D microelectrodes have been fabricated for possible future neurological applications. A combination of micro-fabrication techniques and chemical polymerization methods has been used to create pillar electrodes in polyaniline and polypyrrole. The thin polymer films obtained showed uniformity and good adhesion to both horizontal and vertical surfaces. Electrodes in combination with metal\/conducting polymer materials have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry and the presence of the conducting polymer film has shown to increase the electrochemical activity when compared with electrodes coated with only metal. An electrochemical characterization of gold\/polypyrrole electrodes showed exceptional electrochemical behavior and activity. PC12 cells were finally cultured on the investigated materials as a preliminary biocompatibility assessment. These results show that the described electrodes are possibly suitable for future in-vitro neurological measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s101210986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]],"date-time":"2010-12-03T10:54:30Z","timestamp":1291373670000},"page":"10986-11000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Conducting Polymer 3D Microelectrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Sasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, \u00d8rsteds Plads 345\u00f8, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Patricia Vazquez","family":"\u2020","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, \u00d8rsteds Plads 345\u00f8, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Indumathi","family":"Vedarethinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, \u00d8rsteds Plads 345\u00f8, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Castillo-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, \u00d8rsteds Plads 345\u00f8, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Emn\u00e9us","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, \u00d8rsteds Plads 345\u00f8, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Winnie E.","family":"Svendsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, \u00d8rsteds Plads 345\u00f8, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(72)90481-8","article-title":"A miniature microelectrode array to monitor the bioelectric activity of cultured cells","volume":"74","author":"Thomas","year":"1972","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(77)90003-9","article-title":"A new fixed-array multi-microelectrode system designed for long-term monitoring of extracellular single unit neuronal activity in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Gross","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(98)00156-3","article-title":"The neurochip: A new multielectrode device for stimulating and recording from cultured neurons","volume":"87","author":"Maher","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci Meth"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.09.026","article-title":"Microelectrode array-based system for neuropharmacological applications with cortical neurons cultured in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Xiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/17\/3\/007","article-title":"A perforated CMOS microchip for immobilization and activity monitoring of electrogenic cells","volume":"17","author":"Greve","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Micromech Microeng"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9112","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503418102","article-title":"Mammalian electrophysiology on a microfluidic platform","volume":"102","author":"Shaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sse.2007.10.025","article-title":"Novel concepts for improved communication between nerve cells and silicon electronic devices","volume":"52","author":"Huys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Solid State Electron"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(01)00514-3","article-title":"A three-dimensional multi-electrode array for multi-site stimulation and recording in acute brain slices","volume":"114","author":"Heuschkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci Meth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00553-0","article-title":"Microfabrication of Pt-tip microelectrodes","volume":"70","author":"Thiebaud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sensors Actuat B-Chem"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/16\/3\/001","article-title":"Sharp beveled tip hollow microneedle arrays fabricated by LIGA and 3D soft lithography with polyvinyl alcohol","volume":"16","author":"Marmiroli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Micromech Microeng"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/17\/1\/021","article-title":"Microfabrication technologies for a coupled three-dimensional microelectrode, microfluidic array","volume":"17","author":"Rajaraman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Micromech Microeng"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.05.010","article-title":"Design and fabrication of a polyimide-based microelectrode array: Application in neural recording and repeatable electrolytic lesion in rat brain","volume":"182","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Meth"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.08.006","article-title":"Novel glass microprobe arrays for neural recording","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Hanein, Y, Lang, U, Theobald, J, Wyeth, R, Daniel, T, Willows, AOD, Denton, DD, and Bohringer, KF (2001). Transducers \u203201: Eurosensors XV, Digest of Technical Papers, Vols 1 and 2, Springer-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez, P, Dimaki, M, and Svendsen, WE (Proceedings of 3rd International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces, 2009). Metallization of High Aspect Ratio, out of Plane Structures, Proceedings of 3rd International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWASI.2009.5184794"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.39.1098","article-title":"Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene","volume":"39","author":"Chiang","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.02.068","article-title":"Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays","volume":"614","author":"Lange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal Chimica Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(92)80104-T","article-title":"The perfectly polarized polymer electrolyte\/electrode interface","volume":"37","author":"Bruce","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electrochimica Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00241a057","article-title":"Solid-state microelectrochemistry\u2014electrical characteristics of a solid-state microelectrochemical transistor based on poly(3-mehylthiophene)","volume":"109","author":"Chao","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2009.05.030","article-title":"Phosphoric acid and pH sensors based on polyaniline films","volume":"10","author":"Ayad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Appl Phys"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat768","article-title":"Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors","volume":"2","author":"Janata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1039\/b915717d","article-title":"Conducting polymer nanowires for chemiresistive and FET-based bio\/chemical sensors","volume":"20","author":"Hangarter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mater Chem"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(93)80001-X","article-title":"A review of the immobilization of enzymes in electropolymerized films","volume":"362","author":"Bartlett","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Electroanal Chem"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skotheim, T, Petersson, LG, Inganas, O, and Lundstrom, I (1982). J Electrochem Soc, 129, 1737\u20131741.","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2124261"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-6779(88)90259-7","article-title":"Conducting polypyrrole by chemical synthesis in water","volume":"24","author":"Rapi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Synthetic Met"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/35035212","article-title":"Cheep and cheerful circuits","volume":"407","author":"Voss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(199908)11:12<1038::AID-ADMA1038>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Formation of patterned microstructures of conducting polymers by soft lithography, and applications in microelectronic device fabrication","volume":"11","author":"Beh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(98)01094-7","article-title":"Lithographic patterning of conducting polyaniline","volume":"101","author":"Pienimaa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Synthetic Met"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2007.01.131","article-title":"Continuous roll to roll nanoimprinting of inherently conducting polyaniline","volume":"84","author":"Haatainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microelectron Eng"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, K, Morrin, A, Smyth, MR, Killard, AJ, Shepherd, R, in het Panhuis, M, and Wallace, GG (2008). Fabrication of chemical sensors using inkjet printing and application to gas detection. IEEE Sens J, 13\u201316.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2008.4716371"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200801197","article-title":"A strategy for patterning conducting polymers using nanoimprint lithography and isotropic plasma etching","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200500938","article-title":"Patterning of conducting polymers based on a random copolymer strategy: Toward the facile fabrication of nanosensors exclusively based on polymers","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.2702","article-title":"Electroless deposition of polyaniline: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"40","author":"Attout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surf Interface Anal"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20010716)40:14<2581::AID-ANIE2581>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Synthetic metals: A novel role for organic polymers (Nobel Lecture)","volume":"40","author":"MacDiarmid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/app.12793","article-title":"Electropolymerization of pyrrole and characterization of the obtained polymer films","volume":"90","author":"Sayyah","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Polymer Sci"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freshney, RI (2005). Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [5th ed].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471747599.cac006"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/12\/10986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:04:00Z","timestamp":1760220240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/12\/10986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s101210986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s101210986","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,3]]}}}