{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T16:52:07Z","timestamp":1761929527660,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]],"date-time":"2010-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The design of a fully autonomous and wireless actuator node (\u201cwEcoValve mote\u201d) based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is presented. The system allows remote control (open\/close) of a 3-lead magnetic latch solenoid, commonly used in drip irrigation systems in applications such as agricultural areas, greenhouses, gardens, etc. The very low power consumption of the system in conjunction with the low power consumption of the valve, only when switching positions, allows the system to be solar powered, thus eliminating the need of wires and facilitating its deployment. By using supercapacitors recharged from a specifically designed solar power module, the need to replace batteries is also eliminated and the system is completely autonomous and maintenance free. The \u201cwEcoValve mote\u201d firmware is based on a synchronous protocol that allows a bidirectional communication with a latency optimized for real-time work, with a synchronization time between nodes of 4 s, thus achieving a power consumption average of 2.9 mW.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110100329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]],"date-time":"2010-12-30T10:33:15Z","timestamp":1293705195000},"page":"329-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Solar Energy Powered Autonomous Wireless Actuator Node for Irrigation Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Lajara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Integrated Management of Coastal Areas, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica Valencia, EPSG, C.Paranimf, 1, Gand\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Alberola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Integrated Management of Coastal Areas, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica Valencia, EPSG, C.Paranimf, 1, Gand\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pelegr\u00ed-Sebasti\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Integrated Management of Coastal Areas, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica Valencia, EPSG, C.Paranimf, 1, Gand\u00eda, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Available online: www.mottech.com (accessed on 15 March 2010)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.3390\/s90503240","article-title":"Development of a sensor node for precision horticulture","volume":"9","author":"Lopez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.xbow.com\/Products\/Product_pdf_files\/Wireless_pdf\/eko_sensors_Datasheet (accessed on 7 February 2010)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.917198","article-title":"Remote sensing and control of an irrigation system using a distributed wireless sensor network","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-009-9109-1","article-title":"A remote irrigation monitoring and control system for continuous move systems. Part A: Description and development","volume":"11","author":"Chavez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Precis. Agric"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.1632658","article-title":"MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"44","author":"Demirkol","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuorilehto, M., Kohvakka, M., Suhonen, J., H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, P., H\u00e4nnik\u00e4inen, M., and Hamalainen, T.D. (2007). Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470516805"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Simple, accurate time synchronization for wireless sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Sichitiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Netw"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1145\/774763.774787","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks: A new regime for time synchronization","volume":"33","author":"Elson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sigcomm. Comput. Commun. Rev"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1134\/S0361768807040044","article-title":"Time synchronization methods for wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"33","author":"Faizulkhakov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Program. Comput. Soft"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommer, P., and Wattenhofer, R. (2009, January 13\u201316). Gradient clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks. San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1435473.1435477"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.002","article-title":"Clock synchronization for wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"3","author":"Sundararaman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2009). CC2420, 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.1\/ZigBee-Ready RF Transceiver Data Sheet, Texas Instrument."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberola, J., Pelegri, J., Lajara, R., and Perez, J.J. (2008, January 12\u201315). Solar inexhaustible power source for wireless sensor node. Victoria, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2008.4547118"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"154","article-title":"Circuit latches solenoid at a distance","volume":"10","author":"Pelegri","year":"1999","journal-title":"EDN Mag"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.ecsxtal.com\/store\/pdf\/hc_49us (accessed on 17 October 2010)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.chipcatalog.com\/Microchip\/PIC18F4620.htm (accessed on 16 November 2010.)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2009). 90SMX & 91 SMX Crystals Data sheet from Datasheet, IQD Frequency Products."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5809","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605809","article-title":"Power consumption analysis of operating systems for wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Lajara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Heidemann, J., and Estrin, D. (, January June). An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. New York, NY, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/1\/329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:04:15Z","timestamp":1760220255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/1\/329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s110100329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110100329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,30]]}}}