{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:50:47Z","timestamp":1773831047119,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,25]],"date-time":"2011-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1295913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work describes the sensing properties of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) prepared from three different types of carbonaceous materials: graphite, carbon microspheres and carbon nanotubes. The electrochemical responses towards antioxidants including vanillic acid, catechol, gallic acid, L-ascorbic acid and L-glutathione have been analyzed and compared. It has been demonstrated that the electrodes based on carbon microspheres show the best performances in terms of kinetics and stability, whereas G-CPEs presented the smallest detection limit for all the antioxidants analyzed. An array of electrodes has been constructed using the three types of electrodes. As demonstrated by means of Principal Component Analysis, the system is able to discriminate among antioxidants as a function of their chemical structure and reactivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,25]],"date-time":"2011-01-25T11:57:50Z","timestamp":1295956670000},"page":"1328-1344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Carbon Paste Electrodes Made from Different Carbonaceous Materials: Application in the Study of Antioxidants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3823-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"Apetrei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dun\u0103rea de Jos University of Gala\u0163i, 800008 Gala\u0163i, Romania"}]},{"given":"Irina Mirela","family":"Apetrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jose Antonio De","family":"Saja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria Luz","family":"Rodriguez-Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Industriales, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(03)00259-5","article-title":"Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Smirnoff, N. 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