{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T17:12:13Z","timestamp":1781370733595,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,26]],"date-time":"2011-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>User-worn sensing units composed of inertial and magnetic sensors are becoming increasingly popular in various domains, including biomedical engineering, robotics, virtual reality, where they can also be applied for real-time tracking of the orientation of human body parts in the three-dimensional (3D) space. Although they are a promising choice as wearable sensors under many respects, the inertial and magnetic sensors currently in use offer measuring performance that are critical in order to achieve and maintain accurate 3D-orientation estimates, anytime and anywhere. This paper reviews the main sensor fusion and filtering techniques proposed for accurate inertial\/magnetic orientation tracking of human body parts; it also gives useful recipes for their actual implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,26]],"date-time":"2011-01-26T11:17:26Z","timestamp":1296040646000},"page":"1489-1525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":293,"title":["Estimating Three-Dimensional Orientation of Human Body Parts by Inertial\/Magnetic Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Maria","family":"Sabatini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libert\u00e0 33, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2002.1046626","article-title":"Motion tracking: no silver bullet, but a respectable arsenal","volume":"22","author":"Welch","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. 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