{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:53:22Z","timestamp":1770483202456,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weight loss\/weight control is a major concern in prevention of cardiovascular disease and the realm of health promotion. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) at different intensities on energy expenditure (oxygen and calories) in healthy adults. The secondary aim was to develop a generalized linear regression (GEE) model to predict the increase of energy expenditure facilitated by NMES and identify factors (NMES stimulation intensity level, age, body mass index, weight, body fat percentage, waist\/hip ratio, and gender) associated with this NMES-induced increase of energy expenditure. Forty sedentary healthy adults (18 males and 22 females) participated. NMES was given at the following stimulation intensities for 10 minutes each: sensory level (E1), motor threshold (E2), and maximal intensity comfortably tolerated (E3). Cardiopulmonary gas exchange was evaluated during rest, NMES, and recovery stage. The results revealed that NMES at E2 and E3 significantly increased energy expenditure and the energy expenditure at recovery stage was still significantly higher than baseline. The GEE model demonstrated that a linear dose-response relationship existed between the stimulation intensity and the increase of energy expenditure. No subject\u2019s demographic or anthropometric characteristics tested were significantly associated with the increase of energy expenditure. This study suggested NMES may be used to serve as an additional intervention for weight loss programs. Future studies to develop electrical stimulators or stimulation electrodes to maximize the comfort of NMES are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T11:24:19Z","timestamp":1296559459000},"page":"1932-1942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Energy Expenditure in Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Miao-Ju","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Shun-Hwa","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ju","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2010.19.14.49041","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and obesity in adults","volume":"19","author":"Whitmore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. 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