{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T08:49:52Z","timestamp":1769849392192,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual surface characteristics of tactile displays are investigated to characterize the feeling of human touch for a haptic interface application. In order to represent the tactile feeling, a prototype tactile display incorporating Magneto-Rheological (MR) fluid has been developed. Tactile display devices simulate the finger\u2019s skin to feel the sensations of contact such as compliance, friction, and topography of the surface. Thus, the tactile display can provide information on the surface of an organic tissue to the surgeon in virtual reality. In order to investigate the compliance feeling of a human finger\u2019s touch, normal force responses of a tactile display under various magnetic fields have been assessed. Also, shearing friction force responses of the tactile display are investigated to simulate the action of finger dragging on the surface. Moreover, different matrix arrays of magnetic poles are applied to form the virtual surface topography. From the results, different tactile feelings are observed according to the applied magnetic field strength as well as the arrays of magnetic poles combinations. This research presents a smart tactile display technology for virtual surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110302845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T23:15:03Z","timestamp":1299194103000},"page":"2845-2856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Virtual Surface Characteristics of a Tactile Display Using Magneto-Rheological Fluids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chul-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Yonghun-dong 253, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Gyu","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Yonghun-dong 253, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"The state of the art and R&D perceptives on haptics, ET Trends","volume":"21","author":"Kyung","year":"2006","journal-title":"ETRI"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayward, V, and Cruz-Hern, JM (2000, January November). ez, Tactile display device using distributed lateral skin stretch. 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