{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:56:12Z","timestamp":1772790972110,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]],"date-time":"2011-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents some experimental data on gas-to-particle conversion of benzene using nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology and discusses the possibility of its technical application in atmospheric chemistry. Aerosol measurement using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) revealed that the parts of benzene molecules were converted into a nanometer-sized aerosol. Aerosol formation was found to be highly related with the missing part in carbon balance. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the aerosols formed in synthetic humid air are the collection of nanoparticles. The carbonyl band (C=O) was found to be an important chemical constituent in the aerosol. The potential of the NTP as an accelerated test tool in studying secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from VOCs will be also addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110302992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,8]],"date-time":"2011-03-08T09:11:15Z","timestamp":1299575475000},"page":"2992-3003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gas-to-Particle Conversion in Surface Discharge Nonthermal Plasmas and Its Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Ha","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-5155-2009","article-title":"The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: Current and emerging issues","volume":"9","author":"Hallquist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022470901385","article-title":"Dielectric-barrier discharges: Their history, discharge physics, and industrial applications","volume":"23","author":"Kogelschatz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-207X(02)00765-0","article-title":"The barrier discharge: Basic properties and applications to surface treatment","volume":"71","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200400028","article-title":"Nonthermal plasma processing for air pollution control: A historical review, current issues, and future prospects","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/38\/8\/029","article-title":"Atmospheric plasma-driven catalysis for the low temperature decomposition of dilute aromatic compounds","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1021\/es802679b","article-title":"Removal of volatile organic compounds by single-stage and two-stage plasma catalysis systems: A review of the performance enhancement mechanisms, current status, and suitable applications","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1021\/es0019169","article-title":"State-of-the-art chamber facility for studying atmospheric aerosol chemistry","volume":"35","author":"Cocker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"761","article-title":"Aerosol-chamber study of the \u03b1-pinene\/O3 reaction: Influence of particle acidity on aerosol yields and products Atmospheric","volume":"38","author":"Iinuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60089a001","article-title":"Reactions of hydrocarbons in electrical discharges","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"1941","journal-title":"Chem. Rev"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1139\/v70-291","article-title":"Electric discharge reactions of hydrocarbons","volume":"48","author":"Paciorek","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021812201545","article-title":"Oxidation of styrene in a silent discharge plasma","volume":"19","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"264","article-title":"Polymerization of phenol vapor in a barrier-discharge plasma","volume":"31","author":"Bubnov","year":"1997","journal-title":"High Energy Chem"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/33\/24\/313","article-title":"Removal of cyclohexanone in transition electric discharges at atmospheric pressure","volume":"33","author":"Machala","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993008","article-title":"Metal point discharge nuclei and the production of multiply charged ions from condensation nuclei","volume":"36","author":"Nolan","year":"1957","journal-title":"Geofis. Pur. Appl"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02113396","article-title":"The condensation nuclei produced by point discharge","volume":"42","author":"Nolan","year":"1959","journal-title":"Geofis. Pur. Appl"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(97)00453-9","article-title":"Electrical discharge regimes and aerosol productionin point-to-plane DC high-pressure cold plasmas: Aerosol production by electrical discharges","volume":"29","author":"Borra","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R19","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/39\/2\/R01","article-title":"Nucleation and aerosol processing in atmospheric pressure electrical discharges: Powders production, coatings and filtration","volume":"39","author":"Borra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hidy, GM (1972). Aerosols Produced by X-Rays, Acamedic Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2004.840988","article-title":"Comparative assessment of different non-thermal plasma reactors on energy efficiency and aerosol formation from decomposition of gas-phase benzene","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1109\/94.879356","article-title":"Removal of volatile organic compounds from air streams and industrial flue gases by non-thermal plasma technology","volume":"7","author":"Urashima","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. In"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.94.227","article-title":"Some aspects of breakdown streamers","volume":"94","author":"Loeb","year":"1954","journal-title":"Phys. Rev"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"230","article-title":"Emission spectroscopy of atmospheric pressure plasmas for bio-medical and environmental applications","volume":"243","author":"Machala","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mole. Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1070\/RC1967v036n10ABEH001767","article-title":"The reactions of active nitorgen with organic molecules","volume":"36","author":"Fomin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2003.12.014","article-title":"Laboratory experiments of Titan tholin formed in cold plasma at various pressures: Implications for nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds in Titan haze","volume":"168","author":"Imanaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2002.10470782","article-title":"Secondary organic aerosol formation from the irradiation of simulated automobile exhaust","volume":"52","author":"Kleindienst","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00078-8","article-title":"Charged nanoparticle formation from humidified gases with and without dilute benzene under electron beam irradiation","volume":"34","author":"Hakoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2005.09.010","article-title":"Charging processes of particles produced from dilute xylene in air under electron beam irradiation","volume":"75","author":"Hakoda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.79.731","article-title":"Component analysis of particulate products in electron bean-irradiated xylene\/air mixtures using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer","volume":"79","author":"Hakoda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1021\/es9605376","article-title":"Secondary organic aerosol form the photoxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons: Molecular composition","volume":"31","author":"Forstner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1021\/es00177a017","article-title":"MS\/MS analysis of the products of toluene photooxidation and measurement of their muganenic activity","volume":"22","author":"Dumdei","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1021\/j150662a053","article-title":"Ring fragmentation reactions on the photooxidations of Toluene and o-Xylene","volume":"88","author":"Shepson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/3\/2992\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:55:28Z","timestamp":1760219728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/3\/2992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s110302992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110302992","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]]}}}