{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:14:43Z","timestamp":1774404883020,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]],"date-time":"2011-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resistive oxygen sensors are an inexpensive alternative to the classical potentiometric zirconia oxygen sensor, especially for use in harsh environments and at temperatures of several hundred \u00b0C or even higher. This device-oriented paper gives a historical overview on the development of these sensor materials. It focuses especially on approaches to obtain a temperature independent behavior. It is shown that although in the past 40 years there have always been several research groups working concurrently with resistive oxygen sensors, novel ideas continue to emerge today with respect to improvements of the sensor response time, the temperature dependence, the long-term stability or the manufacture of the devices themselves using novel techniques for the sensitive films. Materials that are the focus of this review are metal oxides; especially titania, titanates, and ceria-based formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110403439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,25]],"date-time":"2011-03-25T11:14:25Z","timestamp":1301051665000},"page":"3439-3465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Resistive Oxygen Gas Sensors for Harsh Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6960-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Moos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany"}]},{"given":"Noriya","family":"Izu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany"},{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Rettig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Rei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Engine Research Center, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany"}]},{"given":"Woosuck","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2006.02.029","article-title":"Progress and future challenges in controlling automotive exhaust gas emissions","volume":"70","author":"Twigg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. 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