{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:18:35Z","timestamp":1785554315780,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]],"date-time":"2011-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Muscle fatigue is an established area of research and various types of muscle fatigue have been investigated in order to fully understand the condition. This paper gives an overview of the various non-invasive techniques available for use in automated fatigue detection, such as mechanomyography, electromyography, near-infrared spectroscopy and ultrasound for both isometric and non-isometric contractions. Various signal analysis methods are compared by illustrating their applicability in real-time settings. This paper will be of interest to researchers who wish to select the most appropriate methodology for research on muscle fatigue detection or prediction, or for the development of devices that can be used in, e.g., sports scenarios to improve performance or prevent injury. To date, research on localised muscle fatigue focuses mainly on the clinical side. There is very little research carried out on the implementation of detecting\/predicting fatigue using an autonomous system, although recent research on automating the process of localised muscle fatigue detection\/prediction shows promising results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110403545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,25]],"date-time":"2011-03-25T11:14:25Z","timestamp":1301051665000},"page":"3545-3594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":248,"title":["A Review of Non-Invasive Techniques to Detect and Predict Localised Muscle Fatigue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Al-Mulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Colley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kumar, S, and Mital, A (1996). Electromyography in Ergonomics, Taylor and Francis Ltd."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400203","article-title":"The role of fatigue in susceptibility to acute muscle strain injury","volume":"24","author":"Mair","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Sport. Med"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merletti, R, and Parker, PA (2004). Electromyography: Physiology, Engineering and Non-Invasive Applications, John Wiley and sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471678384"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asghari Osk\u0153i, M, Hu, H, and Gan, JQ (2008, January 20\u201324). Manifestation of fatigue in myoelectric signals of dynamic contractions produced during playing PC games. Vancouver, BS, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4649153"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Vedsted, P (2006). Biofeedback and Optimization of Muscle Contraction Mode as Intervention Strategy in the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, PhD thesis,."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04752.x","article-title":"Age-related changes in the structure and function of skeletal muscles","volume":"34","author":"Faulkner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mulla, MR, Sepulveda, F, Colley, M, and Al-Mulla, F (2009, January 7\u201319). Statistical class separation using sEMG features towards automated muscle fatigue detection and prediction. Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2009.5304091"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0792-9","article-title":"Skeletal muscle properties and fatigue resistance in relation to smoking history","volume":"104","author":"Wust","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0471-2","article-title":"Differences in quadriceps muscle strength and fatigue between lean and obese subjects","volume":"101","author":"Maffiuletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.215.287","article-title":"Gender difference in subjective muscle-fatigue sensation during sustained muscle force exertion","volume":"215","author":"Demura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20969","article-title":"Age-related muscle fatigue after a low-force fatiguing contraction is explained by central fatigue","volume":"37","author":"Yoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Donatelli, R (2007). Sports-Specific Rehabilitation, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icm047","article-title":"The neurobiology of muscle fatigue: 15 years later","volume":"47","author":"Barry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integrat. Compar. Biol"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Konrad, P (2005). The ABC of EMG: A Practical Introduction to Kinesiological Electromyography, Noraxon, Inc. USA."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"35","article-title":"Vibrations and sounds from evoked muscle twitches","volume":"32","author":"Barry","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electromyograph. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050210","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of agonist and antagonist muscle fatigue on performance of rapid movements","volume":"76","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138008924780","article-title":"Arm positioning in manual tasks. An electromyographic study of localized muscle fatigue","volume":"23","author":"Herberts","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199907010-00009","article-title":"The effect of lumbar fatigue on the ability to sense a change in lumbar position. A controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Taimela","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199707000-00018","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of muscle fatigue in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees","volume":"340","author":"Tho","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Orthopaed. Relat. Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.02.0026","article-title":"Dynamic monitoring of forearm muscles using one-dimensional sonomyography system","volume":"45","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Develop"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020661","article-title":"Loss of power during fatigue of human leg muscles","volume":"484","author":"James","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1216-0","article-title":"Muscle tissue oxygenation, pressure, electrical, and mechanical responses during dynamic and static voluntary contractions","volume":"96","author":"Vedsted","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.5.s1.s29","article-title":"Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: The central fatigue hypothesis","volume":"5 Suppl","author":"Davis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exercise Metab"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.5.1631","article-title":"NeuroBiol. of muscle fatigue","volume":"72","author":"Enoka","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1016-5_39","article-title":"Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. Advances and issues","volume":"384","author":"Gandevia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000340","article-title":"Evidence for neuromuscular fatigue during high-intensity cycling in warm, humid conditions","volume":"84","author":"Kay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880070902","article-title":"Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue","volume":"7","author":"Woods","year":"1984","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.305","article-title":"Supraspinal fatigue during intermittent maximal voluntary contractions of the human elbow flexors","volume":"89","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.2.421","article-title":"Fatigue of intermittent submaximal voluntary contractions: Central and peripheral factors","volume":"61","author":"Furbush","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00650.2003","article-title":"Central and peripheral contributions to fatigue in relation to level of activation during repeated maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexions","volume":"96","author":"Nordlund","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.08.007","article-title":"Fatigue analysis of interference EMG signals obtained from biceps brachii during isometric voluntary contraction at various force levels","volume":"19","author":"Dimitrova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mulla, MR, Sepulveda, F, Colley, M, and Kattan, A (2009, January 3\u20136). Classification of localized muscle fatigue with genetic programming on sEMG during isometric contraction. Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5335368"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.3390\/s100504838","article-title":"Novel feature modelling the prediction and detection of sEMG muscle fatigue towards an automated wearable system","volume":"10","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mulla, M, and Sepulveda, F (2010, January 7\u20139). A novel feature assisting in the prediction of sEMG muscle fatigue towards a wearable autonomous system. La Grande Motte, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMS3TW.2010.5503001"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Basmajian, J, and De Luca, C (1985). Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by Electromyography, Williams and Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1251\/bpo115","article-title":"Techniques of EMG signal analysis: Detection, processing, classification and applications","volume":"8","author":"Raez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Proc. Online"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023858524879","article-title":"SEMG evaluations: An overview","volume":"28","author":"Donaldson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedbac"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00095-0","article-title":"Simulation analysis of the ability of different types of multi-electrodes to increase selectivity of detection and to reduce cross-talk","volume":"13","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00082-2","article-title":"The linear electrode array: A useful tool with many applications","volume":"13","author":"Merletti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200101000-00005","article-title":"Surface electromyography for noninvasive characterization of muscle","volume":"29","author":"Merletti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exercise Sport Sci. Rev"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2009.03.011","article-title":"EMG spectral indices and muscle power fatigue during dynamic contractions","volume":"20","author":"Malanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.834280","article-title":"A finite-element analysis of the effect of muscle insulation and shielding on the surface EMG signal","volume":"52","author":"Stoykov","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerdle, B, Karlsson, S, Day, S, and Djupsbacka, M (1999). Acquisition, Processing and Analysis of the Surface Electromyogram Modern Techniques in Neuroscience, Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-58552-4_26"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00024-9","article-title":"Geometrical factors in surface EMG of the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles","volume":"10","author":"Rainoldi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(98)00021-2","article-title":"Changes in surface EMG parameters during static and dynamic fatiguing contractions","volume":"9","author":"Masuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Stegeman, D, and Hermens, H Standards for surface electromyography: The European project Surface EMG for non-invasive assessment of muscles (SENIAM). Available online: http:\/\/www.med.uni-jena.de\/motorik\/pdf\/stegeman.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2011)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Freriks, B, and Hermens, H (2000). European Recommendations for Surface ElectroMyoGraphy, Results of the SENIAM Project, Roessingh Research and Development. (CD-ROM);."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.014","article-title":"A method for positioning electrodes during surface EMG recordings in lower limb muscles","volume":"134","author":"Rainoldi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Method"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.912673","article-title":"Investigation of optimum electrode locations by using an automatized surface electromyography analysis technique","volume":"55","author":"Nishihara","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.09.009","article-title":"Innervation zone location of the biceps brachii, a comparison between genders and correlation with anthropometric measurements","volume":"20","author":"DeFreitas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20895","article-title":"Effect of innervation-zone distribution on estimates of average muscle-fiber conduction velocity","volume":"37","author":"Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-001-0574-0","article-title":"Standardising surface electromyogram recordings for assessment of activity and fatigue in the human upper trapezius muscle","volume":"86","author":"Farina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.25.4.396","article-title":"Variability in lateral positioning of surface EMG electrodes","volume":"25","author":"Finni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech.Biomech"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.02.007","article-title":"Innervation zone shift at different levels of isometric contraction in the biceps brachii muscle","volume":"19","author":"Piitulainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00864227","article-title":"The influence of electrode position on bipolar surface electromyogram recordings of the upper trapezius muscle","volume":"67","author":"Jensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.4.1510","article-title":"Effects of electrode location on myoelectric conduction velocity and median frequency estimates","volume":"61","author":"Roy","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. of Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138108924875","article-title":"Work load and fatigue in repetitive arm elevations","volume":"24","author":"Hagberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138208924942","article-title":"Evaluation of amplitude and frequency components of the surface EMG as an index of muscle fatigue","volume":"25","author":"Petrofsky","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3354\/meps045205","article-title":"The mussel pump: Properties and modelling","volume":"45","author":"Larsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421697","article-title":"Signal characteristics of EMG during fatigue","volume":"37","author":"Viitasalo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"459","article-title":"Functional characteristics of human skeletal muscle revealed by spectral analysis of the surface electromyogram","volume":"22","author":"Sato","year":"1982","journal-title":"Electromyograph. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90157-6","article-title":"The effect of training on strength and endurance of the diaphragm in quadriplegia","volume":"68","author":"Gross","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880080905","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of muscle conduction velocity and EMG power spectrum changes during fatigue","volume":"8","author":"Eberstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"313","article-title":"Physiology and mathematics of myoelectric signals","volume":"26","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"119","article-title":"The clinical use of surface EMG","volume":"9","author":"Hermens","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Belg. Med. Phys"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00643511","article-title":"The fatigability of two agonistic muscles in human isometric voluntary submaximal contraction: An EMG study. II. Motor unit firing rate and recruitment","volume":"58","author":"Maton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.08.012","article-title":"Physiological characteristics of motor units in the brachioradialis muscle across fatiguing low-level isometric contractions","volume":"18","author":"Calder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160808","article-title":"Variability and interrelationships of surface EMG parameters during local muscle fatigue","volume":"16","author":"Linssen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.09.007","article-title":"Time-dependent power spectral density estimation of surface electromyography during isometric muscle contraction: Methods and comparisons","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.01.008","article-title":"EMG analysis of shoulder muscle fatigue during resisted isometric shoulder elevation","volume":"17","author":"Minning","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.01.006","article-title":"Correlations between short-time Fourier- and continuous wavelet transforms in the analysis of localized back and hip muscle fatigue during isometric contractions","volume":"18","author":"Coorevits","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900500444281","article-title":"Strategies to identify changes in SEMG due to muscle fatigue during cycling","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soo, Y, Nishino, M, Sugi, M, Yokoi, H, Arai, T, Kato, R, Nakamura, T, and Ota, J (2009, January 12\u201317). Evaluation of frequency band technique in estimating muscle fatigue during dynamic contraction task. Kobe, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2009.5152845"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421103","article-title":"EMG frequency spectrum, muscle structure, and fatigue during dynamic contractions in man","volume":"42","author":"Komi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-200607000-00006","article-title":"Interpretation of the surface electromyogram in dynamic contractions","volume":"34","author":"Farina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exercise Sport Sci. Rev"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, GR, Kumar, DK, Wheeler, K, and Arjunan, SP (2009, January 1\u20133). Estimation of muscle fatigue during cyclic contractions using source separation techniques. Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2009.43"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000233794.31659.6d","article-title":"Muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions assessed by new spectral indices","volume":"38","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exercise"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.05.010","article-title":"sEMG wavelet-based indices predicts muscle power loss during dynamic contractions","volume":"20","author":"Malanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02447329","article-title":"Real-time measurement of muscle fatigue related changes in surface EMG","volume":"25","author":"Kramer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2004.09.001","article-title":"Dynamic muscle fatigue detection using self-organizing maps","volume":"5","author":"Moshou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01070.2003","article-title":"The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG","volume":"96","author":"Farina","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1199-x","article-title":"The acute effects of stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography","volume":"93","author":"Cramer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.13.2.135","article-title":"The use of surface electromyography in Biomech","volume":"13","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00894.2004","article-title":"Influence of amplitude cancellation on the simulated surface electromyogram","volume":"98","author":"Keenan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00040-3","article-title":"Assessment of low back muscle fatigue by surface EMG signal analysis: Methodological aspects","volume":"13","author":"Farina","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1109\/10.930899","article-title":"Time-frequency parameters of the surface myoelectric signal for assessing muscle fatigue during cyclic dynamic contractions","volume":"48","author":"Bonato","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1109\/51.982285","article-title":"EMG-based measures of fatigue during a repetitive squat exercise","volume":"20","author":"Bonato","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1109\/10.764944","article-title":"Enhancement of spectral analysis of myoelectric signals during static contractions using wavelet methods","volume":"46","author":"Karlsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00050-9","article-title":"Reliability of surface electromyographic measurements","volume":"110","author":"Kollmitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01058.2007","article-title":"Electromyographic measures of muscle activation and changes in muscle architecture of human elbow flexors during fatiguing contractions","volume":"104","author":"Rudroff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1948.sp004290","article-title":"The sounds from single motor units in a contracting muscle","volume":"107","author":"Gordon","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2009.03.0031","article-title":"Feasibility of controlling prosthetic hand using sonomyography signal in real time: Preliminary study","volume":"47","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Develop"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2174\/1874120700701010077","article-title":"A system for the synchronized recording of sonomyography, electromyography and joint angle","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Open Biomed. Eng. J"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.07.012","article-title":"Sonomyography: Monitoring morphological changes of forearm muscles in actions with the feasibility for the control of powered prosthesis","volume":"28","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.6.2740","article-title":"Validation of near-infrared spectroscopy in humans","volume":"77","author":"Mancini","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taelman, J, Vanderhaegen, J, Robijns, M, Naulaers, G, Spaepen, A, and Van Huffel, S Estimation of muscle fatigue using surface electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy. Available online: ftp:\/\/ftp.esat.kuleuven.ac.be\/pub\/SISTA\/jtaelman\/reports\/09_162_document.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7756-4_48"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210170001","article-title":"Assessment of lower-back muscle fatigue using electromyography, mechanomyography, and near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"84","author":"Yoshitake","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00081-2","article-title":"Muscle oxygen consumption, determined by NIRS, in relation to external force and EMG","volume":"36","author":"Praagman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(98)00047-9","article-title":"Relation between differences in electromyographic adaptations during static contractions and the muscle function","volume":"9","author":"Hermans","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.07.010","article-title":"Biceps brachii myoelectric and oxygenation changes during static and sinusoidal isometric exercises","volume":"19","author":"Felici","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017008","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3309746","article-title":"Reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy for measuring biceps brachii oxygenation during sustained and repeated isometric contractions","volume":"15","author":"Muthalib","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Ferrari, M, Binzoni, T, and Quaresima, V Oxidative metabolism in muscle. Avalable online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1691965\/pdf\/9232855.pdf (access on 21 March 2011)."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0924-1","article-title":"The surface mechanomyogram as a tool to describe the influence of fatigue on biceps brachii motor unit activation strategy. Historical basis and novel evidence","volume":"90","author":"Orizio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Armstrong, WJ Clinical applications of mechanomyography: Technical brief. Avalable online: http:\/\/www.thefreelibrary.com\/Clinical+applications+of+mechanomyography%3A+technical+brief-a0217771439 (access on 21 March 2011)."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Stokes, M, and Blythe, M (2001). Muscle Sounds in Physiology, Sports Science and Clinical Investigation, Medintel."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"201","article-title":"Muscle sound: Bases for the introduction of a mechanomyographic signal in muscle studies","volume":"21","author":"Orizio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Al-Mulla, M, Sepulveda, S, and Colley, M (2010). Evolved feature to optimally classify localized muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions toward wearable on-line Fatigue prediction system. J Electromyograph Kinesiol, submitted."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2004.08.008","article-title":"An EMG fractal indicator having different sensitivities to changes in force and muscle fatigue during voluntary static muscle contractions","volume":"15","author":"Ravier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(01)00027-X","article-title":"Effects of postural muscle fatigue on the relation between segmental posture and movement","volume":"12","author":"Chabran","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552009005000057","article-title":"Muscle fatigue assessment by mechanomyography during application of NMES protocol","volume":"13","author":"Faller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Brasil. Fisioterapia\/Braz. J. Phys. Ther"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/10.661262","article-title":"MMG measurement: A high-sensitivity microphone-based sensor for clinical use","volume":"45","author":"Courteville","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344804","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of condenser microphone in mechanomyography","volume":"39","author":"Watakabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0816-5","article-title":"Mechanomyographic responses in quadriceps muscles during fatigue by continuous cycle exercise","volume":"104","author":"Kimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.04.002","article-title":"A comparison between mechanomyographic condenser microphone and accelerometer measurements during submaximal isometric, concentric and eccentric contractions","volume":"17","author":"Jaskolska","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-4-67","article-title":"Mechanomyographic amplitude and frequency responses during dynamic muscle actions: A comprehensive review","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1109\/5.535246","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis of skeletal muscle and cardiac vibrations","volume":"84","author":"Wood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050262","article-title":"Mechanomyography and oxygen consumption during incremental cycle ergometry","volume":"76","author":"Stout","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050254","article-title":"Mechanomyography of the human quadriceps muscle during incremental cycle ergometry","volume":"76","author":"Shinohara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"S261","article-title":"MMG and EMG responses during fatiguing isokinetic muscle actions at different velocities","volume":"34","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00057-2","article-title":"Mean power frequency and amplitude of the mechanomyographic and electromyographic signals during incremental cycle ergometry","volume":"11","author":"Perry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868071","article-title":"Acoustic myography reflects force changes during dynamic concentric and eccentric contractions of the human biceps brachii muscle","volume":"63","author":"Dalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2004.03.001","article-title":"Mechanomyographic amplitude and mean power frequency versus torque relationships during isokinetic and isometric muscle actions of the biceps brachii","volume":"14","author":"Beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000145449.14799.5F","article-title":"Mechanomyographic responses of the vastus medialis to isometric and eccentric muscle actions","volume":"36","author":"Coburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exercise"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200101)24:1<4::AID-MUS13>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Motor unit physiology: Some unresolved issues","volume":"24","author":"Enoka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20371","article-title":"Firing rates of motor units during strong dynamic contractions","volume":"32","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/scj.10528","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis of mechanomyogram during sustained contractions with muscle fatigue","volume":"35","author":"Itoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Syst. Comput. Jpn"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000321","article-title":"Mechanomyogram and force relationship during voluntary isometric ramp contractions of the biceps brachii muscle","volume":"84","author":"Akataki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10214","article-title":"MMG and EMG responses during fatiguing isokinetic muscle contractions at different velocities","volume":"26","author":"Housh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"431","article-title":"Mechanomyographic and electromyographic amplitude and frequency responses during fatiguing isokinetic muscle actions of the biceps brachii","volume":"44","author":"Beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electromyograph. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200305001-02129","article-title":"MMG and EMG responses during 25 maximal, eccentric, isokinetic muscle actions","volume":"35","author":"Housh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exercise"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00865409","article-title":"The effect of prolonged isometric contractions on muscle fluid balance","volume":"69","author":"Jensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"R271","article-title":"Extra- and intracellular water spaces in muscles of man at rest and with dynamic exercise","volume":"243","author":"Saltin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00635992","article-title":"Muscle blood flow during isometric activity and its relation to muscle fatigue","volume":"57","author":"Savard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(95)00135-2","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of the swelling of the human masseter muscle after static and dynamic activity","volume":"41","author":"Bakke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1211-5","article-title":"Surface mechanomyogram amplitude is not attenuated by intramuscular pressure","volume":"96","author":"Orizio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880080303","article-title":"Acoustic myography: A noninvasive monitor of motor unit fatigue","volume":"8","author":"Barry","year":"1985","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160212","article-title":"Acoustic myography compared to electromyography during isometric fatigue and recovery","volume":"16","author":"Rodriquez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160303","article-title":"Frequency of acoustic myography during isometric contraction of fresh and fatigued muscle and during dynamic contractions","volume":"16","author":"Dalton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2006.870490","article-title":"The effect of random modulation of functional electrical stimulation parameters on muscle fatigue","volume":"14","author":"Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"431","article-title":"Relationships between muscle fatigue characteristics and markers of endurance performance","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci. Med"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.3.845","article-title":"Effects of muscle perfusion pressure on fatigue and systemic arterial pressure in human subjects","volume":"86","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Moore, S, and Vos, G (2004). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods, CRC Press Online."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Bernard, TE Moore-Garg strain index. Avaiable online: http:\/\/personal.health.usf.edu\/tbernard\/HollowHills\/StrainIndexM12.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2011)."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197719702239298","article-title":"Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress","volume":"2","author":"Borg","year":"1970","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050242","article-title":"Lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigability in repetitive isoinertial loading: EMG spectral indices, Borg scale and endurance time","volume":"76","author":"Kankaanpaa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00053-9","article-title":"Correlation between electromyographic spectral changes and subjective assessment of lumbar muscle fatigue in subjects without pain from the lower back","volume":"14","author":"Dedering","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408964911","article-title":"Subjective and objective evaluation of shoulder muscle fatigue","volume":"37","author":"Oberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mulla, M, and Sepulveda, F (2010, January 21\u201323). Predicting the time to localized muscle fatigue using ANN and evolved sEMG feature. Povoa de Varzim, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIS.2010.5547025"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.12.007","article-title":"Within-day and between-days reliability of quadriceps isometric muscle fatigue using mechanomyography on healthy subjects","volume":"19","author":"Gunasekaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"183","article-title":"Mechanomyography, electromyography, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion during incremental cycle ergometry","volume":"41","author":"Perry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sport. Med. Phys. Fit"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2478\/aoj-2008-0017","article-title":"Mechanomyogram and electromyogram analyses during isometric contraction in human masseter muscle","volume":"24","author":"Ioi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. Orthodont. J"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0578-4","article-title":"Development of muscle fatigue as assessed by electromyography and mechanomyography during continuous and intermittent low-force contractions: Effects of the feedback mode","volume":"87","author":"Madeleine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-001-0529-5","article-title":"The relationships among peak torque, mean power output, mechanomyography, and electromyography in men and women during maximal, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions","volume":"86","author":"Cramer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1220.2","article-title":"Control entropy of mechanomyogram (MMG) and electromyogram (EMG) during fatiguing isometric muscle actions","volume":"22","author":"McGregor","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00551.x","article-title":"Mechanomyography and electromyography during and after fatiguing shoulder eccentric contractions in males and females","volume":"17","author":"Kawczynski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199812000-00007","article-title":"Gender comparisons of the mechanomyographic responses to maximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic muscle actions","volume":"30","author":"Evetovich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exercise"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02349974","article-title":"Surface electromyography and mechanomyography recording: A new differential composite probe","volume":"41","author":"Gregori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02524423","article-title":"Technical aspects of mechnomyography recording with piezoelectric contact sensor","volume":"36","author":"Watakabe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1977.43.4.750","article-title":"An electromyographic index for localized muscle fatigue","volume":"43","author":"Lindstrom","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"39","article-title":"Dynamic spectrum analysis of myo-potentials and with special reference to muscle fatigue","volume":"8","author":"Kadefors","year":"1968","journal-title":"Electromyography"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"313","article-title":"Surface electromyogram during voluntary contraction: Processing tools and relation to physiological events","volume":"21","author":"Duchene","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"346","article-title":"Localized muscle fatigue\u2013definiton and measurement","volume":"15","author":"Chaffin","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(90)90054-6","article-title":"Industrial electromyography (EMG)","volume":"6","author":"Marras","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payton, C, and Bartlett, R (2008). Biomechanical Evaluation of Movement in Sport and Exercise: The British Association of Sport and Science, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203935750"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(98)00010-8","article-title":"EMG assessment of back muscle function during cyclical lifting","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Electromyograph. Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137508931449","article-title":"Vocational electromyography: Studies of localized muscle fatigue at the assembly line","volume":"18","author":"Ortengren","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.807641","article-title":"Fatigue analysis of the surface EMG signal in isometric constant force contractions using the averaged instantaneous frequency","volume":"50","author":"Georgakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Cohen, L (1995). Time Frequency Analysis, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Ricamato, A, Absher, RG, Moffroid, MT, and Tranowski, JP (1992, January 14\u201317). A time-frequency approach to evaluate electromyographic recordings. Durham, NC, USA."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Davies, M, and Reisman, SS (1994, January 17\u201318). Time frequency analysis of the electromyogram during fatigue. Springfield, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1109\/10.821766","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis of myoelectric signals during dynamic contractions: A comparative study","volume":"47","author":"Karlsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(98)00025-3","article-title":"Electromyography in the biomechanical analysis of human movement and its clinical application","volume":"8","author":"Kleissen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19970250","article-title":"Analysis of EMG signals by means of the matched wavelet transform","volume":"33","author":"Laterza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electron. Lett"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2003.819901","article-title":"Wavelet analysis of surface electromyography to determine muscle fatigue","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng"},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"Walker, JS (2000). A Primer on Wavelets and Their Scientific Applications, Chapman and Hall\/CRC."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Guglielminotti, P, and Merletti, R (July, January 28). Effect of electrode location on surface myoelectric signal variables: A simulation study. Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mulla, MR, Sepulveda, F, and Colley, M (2011). Evolved pseudo-wavelet function to optimally decompose sEMG for automated classification of localized muscle fatigue. Med Eng Phys, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.11.008"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1975.5408479","article-title":"Functional separation of EMG signals via ARMA identification","volume":"5","author":"Graupe","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern"},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"Sherif, M (1980). Stochastic Model of Myoelectric Signals for Movement Pattern Recognition in Upper Limb Prostheses, PhD thesis,."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/10.1370","article-title":"The electromyogram (EMG) as a control signal for functional neuromuscular stimulation\u2013Part I: Autoregressive modeling as a means of EMG signature discrimination","volume":"35","author":"Hefftner","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2004.08.011","article-title":"The sensitivity of autoregressive model coefficient in quantification of trunk muscle fatigue during a sustained isometric contraction","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernatos, L, Crago, P, and Chizeck, H (1986). A discrete-time model of electricity stimulated muscle. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1986.325776"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1109\/29.17563","article-title":"Identification of nonstationary models with application to myoelectric signals for controlling electrical stimulation of paraplegics","volume":"ASSP-37","author":"Moser","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Sig Proc"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1109\/10.125013","article-title":"Investigation of parametric analysis of dynamic EMG signals by a muscle-structured stimulation study","volume":"39","author":"Tohru","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.870220","article-title":"Fatigue estimation with a multivariable myoelectric mapping function","volume":"53","author":"MacIsaac","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arjunan, S, and Kumar, D (2008, January 19\u201321). Fractal features based technique to identify subtle forearm movements and to measure alertness using physiological signals (sEMG, EEG). Hyderabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2008.4766797"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.11.0196","article-title":"Gender differences in spectral and entropic measures of erector spinae muscle fatigue","volume":"45","author":"Sung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Develop"},{"key":"ref_188","unstructured":"Yassierli, N (, January August). Assessment of localized muscle fatigue for industrial task evaluations. Medan, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2007.A0910","article-title":"Multifractal analysis of surface EMG signals for assessing muscle fatigue during static contractions","volume":"8","author":"Gang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. A"},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"Filligoi, G, Felici, F, Vicini, M, and Rosponi, A Recurrence quantification analysis of surface electromyograms. Available online: http:\/\/library.med.utah.edu\/cyprus\/proceedings\/medicon98\/medicon98.filligoi.giancarlo.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2011)."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.09.023","article-title":"Recurrence quantification analysis of surface electromyographic signal: Sensitivity to potentiation and neuromuscular fatigue","volume":"177","author":"Morana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Method"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.29.427","article-title":"The number of active motor units and their firing rates in voluntary contraction of human brachialis muscle","volume":"29","author":"Kanosue","year":"1979","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Physiol"},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"Hussain, MS, Reaz, MBI, and Ibrahimy, MI (2008, January 22\u201324). SEMG signal processing and analysis using wavelet transform and higher order statistics to characterize muscle force. Crete Island, Greece."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"Shahid, S (2007). Higher Order Statistics Techniques applied to EMG Signal Analysis and Characterization of Skeletal Muscles, Ph.D. thesis,."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Belouchran, I, Abed-Meraim, K, Amin, M, and Zoubir, A (, January May). Joint-antidiagonalization for blind source separation. Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.828048","article-title":"Blind separation of linear instantaneous mixtures of nonstationary surface myoelectric signals","volume":"51","author":"Farina","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-009-9292-7","article-title":"Muscle fatigue detection in EMG using time? Frequency methods, ICA and neural networks","volume":"34","author":"Subasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst"},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"Sewell, M Feature selection. Available online: http:\/\/machine-learning.martinsewell.com\/feature-selection\/feature-selection.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2011)."},{"key":"ref_199","unstructured":"Kim, Y, Street, WN, and Filippo Menczer, F Feature selection in data mining. Available online: http:\/\/dollar.biz.uiowa.edu\/street\/research\/dmoc.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2011)."},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Abu Osman, NA, Ibrahim, F, Wan Abas, WAB, Abdul Rahman, HS, and Ting, HN (2008, January 25\u201328). Review on feature extraction and classification techniques for biosignal processing part III: Electromyogram. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2008.01.003","article-title":"The application of mutual information-based feature selection and fuzzy LS-SVM-based classifier in motion classification","volume":"90","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Method. Program. Biomed"},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"Huang, HP, and Chen, CY (, January May). Development of a myoelectric discrimination system for a multi-degree prosthetic hand. Detroit, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"545","article-title":"Quantification through the surface EMG of muscle fatigue and recovery during successive isometric contractions","volume":"52","author":"Petrofsky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Aviation Space Environ. Med"},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"39","article-title":"Studies on the non-fatigue specificity of the fatigue-related sEMG signal parameters","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Space Med. Med. Eng"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-006-8513-8","article-title":"Adapting k-means for supervised clustering","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Intell"},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"Sepulveda, F, Meckes, M, and Conway, B (2004, January 1\u20133). Cluster separation index suggests usefulness of non-motor EEG channels in detecting wrist movement direction intention. Singapore."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.678624","article-title":"Some new indexes of cluster validity","volume":"28","author":"Bezdek","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/24\/2\/307","article-title":"Evaluation of the forearm EMG signal features for the control of a prosthetic hand","volume":"24","author":"Boostani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khezri, M, and Jahed, M (2007). Real-time intelligent pattern recognition algorithm for surface EMG signals. Biomed Eng Online.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-6-45"},{"key":"ref_210","unstructured":"Christodoulou, CI, and Pattichis, CS (December, January 27). A new technique for the classification and decomposition of EMG signals. Perth, Western Australia."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1109\/86.867872","article-title":"Fuzzy EMG classification for prosthesis control","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1109\/10.488803","article-title":"A dynamic neural network identification of electromyography and trajectory relationship during complex movements","volume":"43","author":"Cheron","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_213","unstructured":"Del Boca, A, and Park, DC (July, January 27). Myoelectric signal recognition using fuzzy clustering and artificlal neural networks in real time. Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_214","unstructured":"Kucheva, L, Whitaker, C, Shipp, C, and Duin, R (2000, January 3\u20137). Is independence good for combining classifiers?. Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1985.6313399","article-title":"Fuzzy identification of systems and its application to modeling and control","volume":"15","author":"Takagi","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern"},{"key":"ref_216","unstructured":"Holland, J (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, The University of Michigan Press."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalewicz, Z (1996). Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03315-9"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00031-3","article-title":"Hierarchical genetic algorithm versus static optimization-investigation of elbow flexion and extension movements","volume":"35","author":"Raikova","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"ref_219","unstructured":"Kattan, A, Al-Mulla, M, Sepulveda, F, and Poli, R (, January October). Detecting localised muscle fatigue during isometric contraction using genetic programming. Funchal, Madeira, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_220","unstructured":"Gunn, SR (1998). Support Vector Machines for Classification and Regression, University of Southanpton. Technical Report;."},{"key":"ref_221","unstructured":"Hsu, CW, Chang, CC, and Lin, CJ (2003). A Practical Guide to Support Vector Classification, National Taiwan University. Technical Report;."},{"key":"ref_222","unstructured":"Torvik, GI, Triantaphyllou, E, Liao, T, and Waly, S Predicting muscle fatigue via electromyography: A comparative study. Available online: http:\/\/arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu\/torvik\/papers\/iccie25_1999_torvik.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2011)."},{"key":"ref_223","first-page":"480","article-title":"EMG signal classification for human computer interaction: A review","volume":"3","author":"Ahsan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sci. Res"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/4\/3545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:55:39Z","timestamp":1760219739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/4\/3545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]]},"references-count":223,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s110403545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110403545","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]]}}}