{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:36:50Z","timestamp":1760243810716,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]],"date-time":"2011-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is an enabling standard for wireless sensor networks. In order to support applications requiring dedicated bandwidth or bounded delay, it provides a reservation-based scheme named Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS). However, the GTS scheme presents some drawbacks, such as inefficient bandwidth utilization and support to a maximum of only seven devices. This paper presents eLPRT (enhanced Low Power Real Time), a new reservation-based MAC protocol that introduces several performance enhancing features in comparison to the GTS scheme. This MAC protocol builds on top of LPRT (Low Power Real Time) and includes various mechanisms designed to increase data transmission reliability against channel errors, improve bandwidth utilization and increase the number of supported devices. A motion capture system based on inertial and magnetic sensors has been used to validate the protocol. The effectiveness of the performance enhancements introduced by each of the new features is demonstrated through the provision of both simulation and experimental results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110403852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,4]],"date-time":"2011-04-04T10:07:21Z","timestamp":1301911641000},"page":"3852-3873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An Enhanced Reservation-Based MAC Protocol for IEEE 802.15.4 Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helder D.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPC\/I3N, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2006). IEEE 802.15.4 Standard. Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6869","DOI":"10.3390\/s90906869","article-title":"An Overview on Wireless Sensor Networks Technology and Evolution","volume":"9","author":"Buratti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, JK, Ryoo, JD, Kim, SC, Kim, JW, Kim, HY, and Mah, PS (2007, January 20\u201323). A Dynamic GTS Allocation Algorithm in IEEE 802.15.4 for QoS guaranteed Real-time Applications. Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCE.2007.4382182"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koubaa, A, Alves, M, and Tovar, E (2006, January 5\u20137). i-GAME: An Implicit GTS Allocation Mechanism in IEEE 802.15.4 for Time-Sensitive Wireless Sensor Networks. 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Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1615645"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afonso, JA, Rocha, LA, Silva, HR, and Correia, JH (2006, January 10\u201313). MAC Protocol for Low-Power Real-Time Wireless Sensing and Actuation. Nice, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2006.379688"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"CC2430 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.1)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Varga, A (2001, January 6\u20139). The OMNeT++ Discrete Event Simulation System. Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ebert, J, and Willig, A (1999). A Gilbert-Elliot Bit Error Model and the Efficient Use in Packet Level Simulation, Technical University of Berlin. TKN Technical Report TKN-99-002;."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2008.923194","article-title":"Recent and Emerging Topics in Wireless Industrial Communications: A Selection","volume":"4","author":"Willig","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Indust. Inform"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Zuniga, M, and Krishnamachari, B Analyzing the Transitional Region in Low Power Wireless Links. Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Using CC2591 Front End with CC2530\/1, Application Note AN086;."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Small Size 2.4 GHz PCB Antenna, Application Note AN043;."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Afonso, JA, Correia, JH, Silva, HR, and Rocha, LA (2008). Body Kinetics Monitoring System. International Patent WO\/2008\/018810A2."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Lander, J (1998). Working with Motion Capture File Formats. Game Developer Magazine."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2007). IEEE Standard 802.11-2007. Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wi-Spy Available online: www.metageek.net\/products\/wi-spy\/ (accessed on 8 March 2011)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/4\/3852\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:55:42Z","timestamp":1760219742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/4\/3852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s110403852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110403852","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]]}}}