{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:10:06Z","timestamp":1774570206710,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,3]],"date-time":"2011-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Single capacitance sensors are sensitive to soil property variability. The objectives of this study were to: (i) establish site-specific laboratory calibration equations of three single capacitance sensors (EC-20, EC-10, and ML2x) for tropical soils, and (ii) evaluate the accuracy and precision of these sensors. Intact soil cores and bulk samples, collected from the top 20 and 80 cm soil depths at five locations across the Upper M\u0101kaha Valley watershed, were analyzed to determine their soil bulk density (\u03c1b), total porosity (\u03b8t), particle size distribution, and electrical conductivity (EC). Laboratory calibration equations were established using soil packed columns at six water content levels (0\u20130.5 cm3 cm\u22123). Soil bulk density and \u03b8t significantly varied with sampling depths; whereas, soil clay content (CC) and EC varied with sampling locations. Variations of \u03c1b and \u03b8t at the two depths significantly affected the EC-20 and ML2x laboratory calibration functions; however, there was no effect of these properties on calibration equation functions of EC-10. There was no significant effect of sampling locations on the laboratory calibration functions suggesting watershed-specific equations for EC-20 and ML2x for the two depths; a single watershed-specific equation was needed for EC-10 for both sampling depths. The laboratory calibration equations for all sensors were more accurate than the corresponding default equations. ML2x exhibited better precision than EC-10, followed by EC-20. We conclude that the laboratory calibration equations can mitigate the effects of varying soil properties and improve the sensors\u2019 accuracy for water content measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110504858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]],"date-time":"2011-05-04T09:03:57Z","timestamp":1304499837000},"page":"4858-4874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Improved Calibration Functions of Three Capacitance Probes for the Measurement of Soil Moisture in Tropical Soils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Fares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and Environmental Management Department, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}]},{"given":"Farhat","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and Environmental Management Department, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}]},{"given":"Domingos","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Computer Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology and Geophysics Department, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1976.03615995004000050041x","article-title":"Surface soil moisture within a watershed: variation, factors influencing, and relationships to surface runoff","volume":"40","author":"Henninger","year":"1976","journal-title":"Soil Sci. 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