{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T07:41:35Z","timestamp":1768549295501,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]],"date-time":"2011-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered as a potential solution for real-time monitoring applications and these WSNs have potential practical impact on next generation technology too. However, WSNs could become a threat if suitable security is not considered before the deployment and if there are any loopholes in their security, which might open the door for an attacker and hence, endanger the application. User authentication is one of the most important security services to protect WSN data access from unauthorized users; it should provide both mutual authentication and session key establishment services. This paper proposes a robust user authentication framework for wireless sensor networks, based on a two-factor (password and smart card) concept. This scheme facilitates many services to the users such as user anonymity, mutual authentication, secure session key establishment and it allows users to choose\/update their password regularly, whenever needed. Furthermore, we have provided the formal verification using Rubin logic and compare RUASN with many existing schemes. As a result, we found that the proposed scheme possesses many advantages against popular attacks, and achieves better efficiency at low computation cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110505020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]],"date-time":"2011-05-04T09:03:57Z","timestamp":1304499837000},"page":"5020-5046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["RUASN: A Robust User Authentication Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pardeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ubiquitous-IT, Graduate School of Design & IT, Dongseo University, Sasang-Gu, Busan 617-716, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amlan Jyoti","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ubiquitous-IT, Graduate School of Design & IT, Dongseo University, Sasang-Gu, Busan 617-716, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-7930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mangal","family":"Sain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ubiquitous-IT, Graduate School of Design & IT, Dongseo University, Sasang-Gu, Busan 617-716, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Gon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computer & Information Eng, Dongseo University. San 69-1, Jurye-2-Dong, Sasang-Gu, Busan 617-716, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoon-Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computer & Information Eng, Dongseo University. San 69-1, Jurye-2-Dong, Sasang-Gu, Busan 617-716, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1024422","article-title":"A survey on saensor network","volume":"40","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Comm. Mag"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Perrig, A, Szewczyk, R, Web, V, Culler, D, and Tygar, JD (, January July). SPINS: Security protocol for sensor networks. Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Karloff, C, Sastry, N, and Wagner, D (, January November). TinySec: A link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks. Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watro, R, Kong, D, Cuti, SF, Gardiner, C, Lynn, C, and Kruus, P (2004, January 25). TinyPK: Securing sensor networks with public key technology. Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1029102.1029113"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luk, M, Mezzour, G, Perrig, A, and Gligor, V (2007, January 25\u201327). MiniSec: A secure sensor network communication architecture. Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2007.4379708"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"129","article-title":"TriSec: A secure data framework for wireless sensor networks using authenticated encryption","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Marit. Inf. Commun. Sci"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlof, C, and Wagner, D (2003). Secure routing in wireless sensor networks: Attacks and countermeasure. Ad Hoc Netw, 293\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-8705(03)00008-8"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Benenson, Z, Gartner, F, and Kesdogan, D (, January September). User Authentication in sensor network (extended abstract). Ulm, Germany."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Benenson, Z, Gedicke, N, and Raivio, O (2005, January 20\u201321). Realizing robust user authentication in sensor networks. Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Wong, KHM, Zheng, Y, Cao, J, and Wang, S (2006, January 5\u20137). A dynamic user authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks. Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, HR, Jan, RH, and Yang, W (2007, January 26\u201330). An improved dynamic user authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks. Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2007.190"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, TH (2008, January 25\u201331). Simple dynamic user authentication protocols for wireless sensor networks. Cap Esterel, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORCOMM.2008.43"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, LC (2008, January 21\u201324). A novel dynamic user authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks. Reykjavik, Iceland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2008.4726128"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.1097","article-title":"User authentication schemes with pseudonymity for ubiquitous sensor network in NGN","volume":"23","author":"Vaidya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Banerjee, S, and Mukhopadhyay, D (, January June). Symmetric key based authenticated querying in wireless sensor networks. New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Yoon, SJ, Lee, H, Ji, SB, and Kim, K (2007, January 6\u20137). A user authentication scheme with privacy protection for wireless sensor networks. Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Li, CT, and Lee, CC (2011). A novel user authentication and privacy preserving scheme with smart cards for wireless communications. Math Comput Modelling."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.080128","article-title":"Two-factor user authentication in wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Comm"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Nyang, DH, and Lee, MK Available Online: http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2009\/631.pdf\/ (accessed on 07 July 2010)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.3390\/s100302450","article-title":"Cryptanalysis and security improvement of \u2018two-factor user authentication in wireless sensor networks\u2019","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"He, D, Gao, Y, Chan, S, Chen, C, and Bu, J (2010). An enhanced two-factor user authentication scheme in wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Ad-Hoc Sensor Wirel. Netw, 1\u201311."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2010.02.031","article-title":"A strong user authentication scheme with smart cards for wireless communications","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Commun"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Available Online: http:\/\/www.rsa.com\/node.aspx?id=1156 (accessed on 12 August 2010)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Rubin, AD, and Honeyman, P (, January June). Nonmonotonic cryptographic protocols. Franconia, NH, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Available Online: http:\/\/www.openautomation.net\/uploadsproductos\/micaz_datasheet.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2010)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Available Online: http:\/\/www.willow.co.uk\/TelosB_Datasheet.pdf\/ (accessed on 12 January 2010)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2005.10.001","article-title":"A password authentication scheme over insecure networks","volume":"72","author":"Liao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diffie, W, and Hellman, ME (1976). New directions in Cryptography. IT-22, 644\u2013654.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055638"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1145\/359340.359342","article-title":"A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems","volume":"21","author":"Rivest","year":"1978","journal-title":"Comm. ACM"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Available Online http:\/\/www.techheap.com\/cryptography\/hash\/fip180-1.pdf\/ (accessed on 9 August 2009)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.127","article-title":"Integrity Regions: Authentication through Presence in Wireless Networks","volume":"9","author":"Karame","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sullivan, B Available Online: http:\/\/h71028.www7.hp.com\/ERC\/cache\/568358-0-0-0-121.html\/ (accessed on 21 February 2010)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1999.1694","article-title":"The security of the cipher block chaining message authentication code","volume":"61","author":"Bellare","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2010.03.013","article-title":"Robust one-time password authentication scheme using smart card for home network environment","volume":"34","author":"Vaidya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Commun"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Das, ML, and Narasimhan, VL Towards a formal verification of an authentication protocol using non-monotonic logic. CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocher, P, Jaffe, J, and Jun, B (1999, January 15\u201319). Differential power analysis. Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48405-1_25"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2002.1004593","article-title":"Examining Smart-card security under the threat of Power Analysis attacks","volume":"51","author":"Messerges","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2008.04.002","article-title":"Two-factor mutual authentication based on smart card and passwords","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1109\/MDT.2007.200","article-title":"Power analysis attacks and countermeasuers","volume":"24","author":"Popp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Des. Test. Comput"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Ku, WC, Chen, CM, and Lee, HL (2003). Cryptanalysis of a variant of peyravian-zunic\u2019s password authentication scheme. E86-B, 1682\u20131684."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2004.1277863","article-title":"Weaknesses and improvements of an efficient password based remote user authentication scheme using smart cards","volume":"50","author":"Ku","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2008.11.032","article-title":"Enhanced Authentication scheme with anonymity for roaming service in global mobility networks","volume":"32","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Commun"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/5\/5020\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:00Z","timestamp":1760219760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/5\/5020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s110505020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110505020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]}}}