{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:37:01Z","timestamp":1760243821156,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]],"date-time":"2011-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the conventional duty cycle MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) such as RMAC perform well in terms of saving energy and reducing end-to-end delivery latency, they were designed independently and require an extra routing protocol in the network layer to provide path information for the MAC layer. In this paper, we propose a new cross-layer duty cycle MAC protocol with data forwarding supporting a pipeline feature (P-MAC) for WSNs. P-MAC first divides the whole network into many grades around the sink. Each node identifies its grade according to its logical hop distance to the sink and simultaneously establishes a sleep\/wakeup schedule using the grade information. Those nodes in the same grade keep the same schedule, which is staggered with the schedule of the nodes in the adjacent grade. Then a variation of the RTS\/CTS handshake mechanism is used to forward data continuously in a pipeline fashion from the higher grade to the lower grade nodes and finally to the sink. No extra routing overhead is needed, thus increasing the network scalability while maintaining the superiority of duty-cycling. The simulation results in OPNET show that P-MAC has better performance than S-MAC and RMAC in terms of packet delivery latency and energy efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110505183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]],"date-time":"2011-05-11T11:10:03Z","timestamp":1305112203000},"page":"5183-5201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Cross-Layer Duty Cycle MAC Protocol Supporting a Pipeline Feature for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]},{"given":"Young-Chon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Feeney, LM, and Nilsson, M (2001, January 22\u201326). 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Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2005.1440887"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keshavarzian, A, Lee, H, and Venkatraman, L (2006, January 22\u201325). Wakeup Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks. Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1132905.1132941"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/5\/5183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:03Z","timestamp":1760219763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/5\/5183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s110505183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110505183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]]}}}