{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:46:40Z","timestamp":1773668800837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]],"date-time":"2011-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a new compact electron gun based on the secondary emission through ionic bombardment principle. The driving parameters to develop such a gun are to obtain a quite small electron gun for an in-flight instrument performing Electron Beam Fluorescence measurements (EBF) on board of a reentry vehicle in the upper atmosphere. These measurements are useful to characterize the gas flow around the vehicle in terms of gas chemical composition, temperatures and velocity of the flow which usually presents thermo-chemical non-equilibrium. Such an instrument can also be employed to characterize the upper atmosphere if placed on another carrier like a balloon. In ground facilities, it appears as a more practical tool to characterize flows in wind tunnel studies or as an alternative to complex electron guns in industrial processes requiring an electron beam. We describe in this paper the gun which has been developed as well as its different features which have been characterized in the laboratory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110505202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]],"date-time":"2011-05-11T11:10:03Z","timestamp":1305112203000},"page":"5202-5214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Compact Electron Gun Based on Secondary Emission Through Ionic Bombardment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Babacar","family":"Diop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Onera-The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onera-The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onera-The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajmal","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onera-The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pierce, JR (1954). Theory and Design of Electron Beams, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Schiller, S, Heisig, U, and Panzer, S (1982). Electron Beam Technology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Muntz, EP (1968). AGARDograph 132, Open Library OL13957449M."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gochberg, LA (1997). Electron beam fluorescence methods in hypersonic aerothermodynamics. Prog Aerospace Sci, 431\u2013480.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-0421(97)00002-X"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, AK, Pot, T, and Chanetz, B (, January July). Diagnostics by Electron Beam Fluorescence in Hypersonics. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA. 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A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1134434","article-title":"Plasma-cathode electron gun","volume":"46","author":"Bayless","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.55.463","article-title":"The emission of secondary electrons under high energy positive ion bombardment","volume":"55","author":"Hill","year":"1939","journal-title":"Phys. Rev"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1116\/1.568492","article-title":"Secondary-emission electron gun for high pressure molecular lasers","volume":"12","author":"Pigache","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muylaert, J, Cipollini, F, Caporicci, M, Walpot, L, Ottens, H, and Tumino, G (2003, January 15\u201319). In flight research on real gas effects using the ESA EXPERT vehicles. Norfolk, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2003-6981"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gueroult, R, Elias, PQ, Packan, D, Bonnet, J, and Rax, JM (2010). Particle in cell modelling of the observed modes of a dc wire discharge. J Phys D: Appl Phys, 43.","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/43\/36\/365204"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6928","DOI":"10.1063\/1.328646","article-title":"Electron emission from ion-bombarded aluminum","volume":"52","author":"Svensson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Mohamed, A, Bonnet, J, Koch, U, Esser, B, and Guelhan, A (2007, January 1\u20136). Electron Beam Fluorescence (EBF) experiments in the LBK wind tunnel. Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kawashima, T, Oyama, K, and Suzuki, K (1999). A Measurement of Vibrational-Rotational Temperature and Density of Molecular Nitrogen in the Upper Atmosphere by Rocket-Borne Electron Beam Induced Luminescence, The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Report No 672."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/5\/5202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:03Z","timestamp":1760219763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/5\/5202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s110505202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110505202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,11]]}}}