{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:36:57Z","timestamp":1762641417663,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,26]],"date-time":"2011-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Part 1 of this paper, we presented the engineering design and instrumentation of the Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) cabled system, a nonproprietary sensing technology developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (Oregon, USA) to meet the needs for monitoring the survival of juvenile salmonids through the hydroelectric facilities within the Federal Columbia River Power System. Here in Part 2, we describe how the JSATS cabled system was employed as a reference sensor network for detecting and tracking juvenile salmon. Time-of-arrival data for valid detections on four hydrophones were used to solve for the three-dimensional (3D) position of fish surgically implanted with JSATS acoustic transmitters. Validation tests demonstrated high accuracy of 3D tracking up to 100 m upstream from the John Day Dam spillway. The along-dam component, used for assigning the route of fish passage, had the highest accuracy; the median errors ranged from 0.02 to 0.22 m, and root mean square errors ranged from 0.07 to 0.56 m at distances up to 100 m. For the 2008 case study at John Day Dam, the range for 3D tracking was more than 100 m upstream of the dam face where hydrophones were deployed, and detection and tracking probabilities of fish tagged with JSATS acoustic transmitters were higher than 98%. JSATS cabled systems have been successfully deployed on several major dams to acquire information for salmon protection and for development of more \u201cfish-friendly\u201d hydroelectric facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110605661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,26]],"date-time":"2011-05-26T10:58:16Z","timestamp":1306407496000},"page":"5661-5676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A Cabled Acoustic Telemetry System for Detecting and Tracking Juvenile Salmon: Part 2. Three-Dimensional Tracking and Passage Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Z. Daniel","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Weiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom A.","family":"Seim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"LaMarche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric Y.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Brad","family":"Eppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, P.O. Box 2946, Portland, OR 97208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(2001)026<0014:TDOAHT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Development of Advanced Hydroelectric Turbines to Improve Fish Passage Survival","volume":"26","author":"Cada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"New Design Concepts for Fish Friendly Turbines","volume":"7","author":"Odeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydropower Dams"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1577\/02-021","article-title":"Survival Estimates for Juvenile Fish Subjected to a Laboratory-Generated Shear Environment","volume":"133","author":"Neitzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1139\/f05-091","article-title":"Evaluation of Fish-Injury Mechanisms During Exposure to Turbulent Shear Flow","volume":"62","author":"Deng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.05.019","article-title":"Evaluation of Blade-Strike Models for Estimating the Biological Performance of Kaplan Turbines","volume":"208","author":"Deng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol Model"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1577\/M09-153.1","article-title":"Injury and Mortality of Juvenile Salmon Entrained in a Submerged Jet Entering Still Water","volume":"30","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manage"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(1991)016<0004:PSATCS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Pacific Salmon at the Crossroads: Stocks at Risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington","volume":"16","author":"Nehlsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(2000)129<0351:FBIRTP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Fish Behavior in Relation to Passage Through Hydropower Turbines: A Review","volume":"129","author":"Coutant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053104:1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3501336","article-title":"Use of an Autonomous Sensor to Evaluate the Biological Performance of the Advanced Turbine at Wanapum Dam","volume":"2","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Renew Sustain Energ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/en4010057","article-title":"Fish Passage Assessment of an Advanced Hydropower Turbine and Conventional Turbine Using Blade-Strike Modeling","volume":"4","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkinson, BW, Spilker, JJ, Axelrad, P, and Enge, P (1996). Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.","DOI":"10.2514\/4.866395"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Misra, P, and Enge, P (2001). Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, and Performance, Ganga-Jamuna Press. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"691","article-title":"Sound Source Location by Arrival-Times on a Non-Rigid Three-Dimensional Hydrophone Array","volume":"19","author":"Watkins","year":"1972","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1086\/285035","article-title":"Passive Location of Calling Animals and Sensing of Their Acoustic Environment Using Acoustic Tomography","volume":"135","author":"Spiesberger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Nat"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1329619","article-title":"Estimating Source Position Accuracy of a Large-Aperture Hydrophone Array for Bioacoustics","volume":"109","author":"Wahlberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1518980","article-title":"Echolocation of Wild Atlantic Spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis)","volume":"113","author":"Au","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Drake, S, and Dogancay, K (2004, January 17\u201321). Geolocation by Time Difference of Arrival Using Hyperbolic Asymptotes. Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.1987.1145216","article-title":"A Passive Localization Algorithm and Its Accuracy Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Friedlander","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1109\/89.966097","article-title":"Realtime Passive Source Localization: A Practical Linear-Correction Least-Squares Approach","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foy, WH (1976). Position-Location Solutions by Taylor-Series Estimation. AES-12, 187\u2013194.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1976.308294"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonieri, DJ (1984). Statistical Theory of Passive Location Systems. AES-20, 183\u2013198.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1984.310439"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1109\/7.102710","article-title":"Simple Solutions for Hyperbolic and Related Position Fixes","volume":"26","author":"Fang","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8609(93)90023-5","article-title":"An Ultrasonic Telemetric System for Automatic Positioning of Individual Fish Used to Track Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in a Sea Cage","volume":"12","author":"Juell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aquacult. Eng"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"409","article-title":"GPS Navigation Algorithms","volume":"1","author":"Parkinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1109\/78.301830","article-title":"A Simple and Efficient Estimator for Hyperbolic Location","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Yarlagadda, R, Ali, I, Al-Dhahir, N, and Hershey, J (1997). Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP): Bounds and Properties, General Electric Research and Development Center. Technical Report 97CRD119."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Caffery, JJ (2000, January 24\u201328). A New Approach to the Geometry of TOA Location. Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/1065514021000012129","article-title":"A Synthesizable Low Power VHDL Model of the Exact Solution of a Three-Dimensional Hyperbolic Positioning System","volume":"15","author":"Bucher","year":"2002","journal-title":"VLSI Des"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2004.823465","article-title":"Least Squares Algorithms for Time-of-Arrival-Based Mobile Location","volume":"52","author":"Cheung","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2005.861162","article-title":"Exact and Approximate Maximum Likelihood Localization Algorithms","volume":"55","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vehic. Tech"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.3390\/s110605645","article-title":"A Cabled Acoustic Telemetry System for Detecting and Tracking Juvenile Salmon. Part 1: Engineering Design and Instrumentation","volume":"11","author":"Weiland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.3390\/s100403090","article-title":"Design and Instrumentation of a Measurement and Calibration System for an Acoustic Telemetry System","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2001.1138","article-title":"A Method for Estimating the Position Accuracy of Acoustic Fish Tags","volume":"59","author":"Ehrenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420332","article-title":"Water as a Standard in the Measurements of Speed of Sound in Liquids","volume":"102","author":"Marczak","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Lim, JS (1990). Two-Dimensional Signal and Image Processing, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1577\/T09-043.1","article-title":"Performance Assessment of Suture Type, Water Temperature, and Surgeon Skill in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Surgically Implanted with Acoustic Transmitters","volume":"139","author":"Deters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1139\/f97-323","article-title":"Use of Passive Integrated Transponder Tags to Estimate Survival of Migrant Juvenile Salmonids in the Snake and Columbia Rivers","volume":"55","author":"Skalski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446-35.1.9","article-title":"The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System: A New Tool","volume":"35","author":"McMichael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fisheries"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/6\/5661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:13Z","timestamp":1760219773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/6\/5661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,26]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s110605661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110605661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,26]]}}}